the Suez Canal
In the book When Rains Clouds Gather by Bessie Head (published in 1969), Makhaya Maseko is a refugee who flees to Botswana to avoid being imprisoned by the authorities in the old South Africa where he has been a victim of apartheid.
Titanic was sailing west from Europe to the US. There is a "corner" where vessels make a slight turn to starboard but Smith delayed that to take a more southerly route to avoid ice.
Cash can be taken to South Africa but for large sums it is better to carry traveller's cheques or a credit card. Most banks have a Bureau de Change which will convert the cash to South African Rands. Theft is a big problem in South Africa so it is better to avoid carrying large sums of money and to keep any money that you do have with you hidden.
In the musical, she didn't avoid Fiyero much. In the book, she tried to avoid Fiyero simply because she was dangerous to be around and didn't want anyone in danger, as well as the fact that Elphaba Thropp had been MIA for some time and wanted to keep it that way.
It was the Conference of Berlin
by shortening the sailing time from Europe to Asia, ships do not have to sail round Africa
The main purpose of Bartolomeu Dias' exploration was to find a sea route to India by sailing around the southern tip of Africa. This would open up a new trade route and allow European powers to avoid the costly overland routes through the Middle East. By successfully navigating this route, Dias paved the way for future exploration and established Portugal as a major player in the Age of Discovery.
Doldrums
The name is very clear. In the south of Africa, lies a country. There are no other countries in Africa more south than it. So its called South Africa. There is also West Africa, North Africa, East Africa and Central Africa. Those are regions, not countries. The region in the south is called Southern Africa, to avoid confusion with the country.
The second largest canal in the world is the Suez Canal in Egypt. It connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea and is an important waterway for global trade, allowing ships to avoid the long trip around the southern tip of Africa.
The Strait of Magellan is the passage between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, which separates the southern tip of South America from Tierra del Fuego. The "big deal" about the Strait of Magellan is that it gives you a way to avoid sailing around Cape Horn, which is some of the worst weather in the world.
in the book the danger zone avoid sailing on the titanic page 18
54 degrees south. Tierra del Fuego is the islands at the southern tip of South America. The Straits of Magellan is a protected channel from the Atlantic to the Pacific, which allowed fragile sailing ships to avoid the terrible weather around Cape Horn.
Sailors avoid sailing in the doldrums because it's an area near the equator known for unpredictable winds, sudden storms, and periods of calm. This can make navigation difficult and slow down the voyage.
The Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is the windless zone at the equator that sailing vessels try to avoid. It is characterized by lighter winds and unsettled weather conditions, making it challenging for ships to navigate efficiently. Sailors often seek alternative routes to bypass the ITCZ to avoid getting stuck in calm conditions.
to avoid having to go around Africa. An alternate route was needed due to the sea conditions around the southern tip of Africa-(the Cape of Good Hope)where there were frequent and often unpredictable storms,many ships and cargo being lost. The route through the Mediterranean sea was not yet possible due to the Suez Canal having not yet been built. They needed access to Asia for trade.
Sailing close to the wind means sailing as closely as possible into the direction of the wind. This can impact a sailor's navigation strategy by requiring them to carefully adjust their course and sail trim to maintain speed and avoid getting stuck in irons, where the boat loses momentum and becomes difficult to steer.