The instantaneous transmitter power will peak at 170 watts, but will bottom out at 30 watts, at intervals that correspond to peaks and valleys of the audio waveform with the maximum amplitude. The transmitter power during quiet intervals, as well as the long-term average, is 100 watts.
-- the modulation index varies -- the instantaneous deviation varies -- the amplitude of the carrier component varies -- the spectrum of sidebands varies -- the total occupied bandwidth varies
I believe the bandwidth of ANY signal is defined as the range of frequencies that encompasses 99% of the signal's power. For an AM signal at anything less than 100% modulation, it's 2 x the highest modulating frequency. FM signals aren't that simple to characterize. "Cramer's Rule" says that the bandwidth is 2 x (peak deviation + highest modulating frequency), but as the 'modulation index' increases, that rule becomes a poorer approximation.
Aston Index is an ability test.
One can say that radio waves are a million times bigger than light, but one needs to be a little more specific about what you mean when you say it. When we speak of the size of a wave, we usually refer to its amplitude or wavelength and in this case, wavelength seems to be relevant to the question. Radio waves and light are both electromagnetic waves and the two terms refer to different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Visible light has wavelengths of a few hundred nanometers, although one can expand that region somewhat beyond the visible and still find that the term "light" is used. Radio waves are much longer and generally the spectral region which we call radio is in the ball park of a meter. (It is not uncommon to apply the term radio waves to much longer wavelengths however.) Though there is not one specific measure of "size," radio waves generally have a wavelength of a million times greater that light waves.
Index finger on Bb, thumb on C, index finger on D, middle finger on Eb, thumb on F, index finger on G, middle finger on A and ring finger on Bb.
Modulation index is also called as Modulation depth. The modulation index of a modulation scheme describes by how much the modulated variable of the carrier signal varies around its unmodulated level.
If the modulation index is greater than 1 (more than 100% modulation) the modulated carrier signal is periodically reduced to zero. This does not effect the transmitter but at the receiver these "dead carrier" intervals result in dropouts in the audio stream from the loudspeaker producing a distorted output that is difficult to understand.
In amplitude modulation, modulation depth refers to the ratio of the unmodulated carrier amplitude to the amplitude deviation for which the modulated carrier wave reaches its minimum value. If this minimum value is zero, the modulation depth is 100%.For amplitude modulation,modulation depth = (a-b)/(a+b),wherea is the unmodulated carrier amplitude, andb is the minimum amplitude deviation.The modulation depth ratio is also referred to as the modulation index.
it causes over modulation .... that is the phase reversal of carrier signal ..... the modulated wave then exhibits envelope distortion which results in loss of data .....
In amplitude modulation, modulation depth refers to the ratio of the unmodulated carrier amplitude to the amplitude deviation for which the modulated carrier wave reaches its minimum value. If this minimum value is zero, the modulation depth is 100%.For amplitude modulation,modulation depth = (a-b)/(a+b),wherea is the unmodulated carrier amplitude, andb is the minimum amplitude deviation.The modulation depth ratio is also referred to as the modulation index.
Modulation Index is the ratio of the maximum deviation frequency to the frequency of modulation. In other words it is the ratio of the spread in frequency spectrum to the frequency that was used to modulate the carrier. For FM, modulation index is given by the formula mf= df/f where, mf=modulation index for FM df=difference in carrier frequency f=frequency of the signal
fc>2fm
-- the modulation index varies -- the instantaneous deviation varies -- the amplitude of the carrier component varies -- the spectrum of sidebands varies -- the total occupied bandwidth varies
Pt=Pc+2Psf, m=0.5 ,Psf=0.0625, saving in power is 100-6.25 % = 94.75%
A(m)/A(c)=0.5 is known as 50% modulation index. where, A(m)=amplitude of message signal A(c)=amplitude of carrier signal
amplitude modulating signal
the maximum amplitude of carrier wave varied with respect to instantaneous values of message signal is called amplitude modulation