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Difference between monoclonal antibody and polyclonal antibody?
Polyclonal antibodiesMonoclonal antibodiesInexpensive to produceExpensive to produceTechnology required is lowHigh technology requiredSkills required are lowTraining is required for the technology useTime scale is shortTime scale is long for hybridomasProduces large amounts of non specific antibodiesCan produce large amounts of specific antibodies but may be too specificRecognizes multiple epitopes on any one antigenRecognizes only one epitope on an antigenCan be batch to batch variabilityOnce a hybridoma is made it is a constant and renewable source and all batches will be identical
What are tumor cells monoclonal kappa light chain positive?
These are tumor cells that arose from a single lymphocyte or plasma cell. The kappa light chain is a piece of the structure of an antibody; monoclonal means "single type". Therefore, these are tumor cells that all produce the same antibody structure, which indicates they are all derived from a single tumor cell that originally made this antibody structure.
All of the organs listed serve multiple purposes in the body except the?
The spleen is the organ that serves multiple purposes in the body. It is involved in filtering blood, producing antibodies, storing red blood cells, and supporting the immune system.
What is a Bence-Jones protein?
Patients with plasmacytomas such as myeloma overproduce monoclonal immunoglobulins, also called M proteins. The Bence-Jones protein refers to the immunoglobulin light chain, a portion of these immunoglobulins.
What is monodonal gammopathy?
Monoclonal gammopathy refers to the presence of abnormal proteins in the blood that are produced by a single clone of cells. This condition can be a sign of a number of different diseases, including multiple myeloma and other blood disorders. Diagnosis and management typically involve further testing and monitoring by a healthcare provider.
What are the key differences between monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies in terms of their specificity and production methods?
Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, targeting a single antigen, while polyclonal antibodies can target multiple antigens. Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single clone of cells, resulting in uniformity, while polyclonal antibodies are produced from multiple clones of cells, leading to variability.
What are the key differences between polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies in terms of their specificity and production methods?
Polyclonal antibodies are produced by multiple B cells and are a mix of antibodies that target different epitopes on an antigen, resulting in broader specificity. Monoclonal antibodies are produced by a single B cell clone and target a single epitope on an antigen, leading to higher specificity. Polyclonal antibodies are typically produced by immunizing animals, while monoclonal antibodies are generated through hybridoma technology or recombinant DNA technology.
Can lupus cause a monoclonal spike?
Yes, lupus can be associated with a monoclonal spike, although it is not common. The presence of a monoclonal spike in the serum protein electrophoresis may indicate the production of monoclonal antibodies, which can occur in autoimmune disorders like lupus due to increased immune system activity. However, a monoclonal spike is more typically associated with conditions like multiple myeloma or other hematological disorders, so further evaluation is necessary to determine the underlying cause.
Difference between monoclonal antibody and polyclonal antibody?
Polyclonal antibodiesMonoclonal antibodiesInexpensive to produceExpensive to produceTechnology required is lowHigh technology requiredSkills required are lowTraining is required for the technology useTime scale is shortTime scale is long for hybridomasProduces large amounts of non specific antibodiesCan produce large amounts of specific antibodies but may be too specificRecognizes multiple epitopes on any one antigenRecognizes only one epitope on an antigenCan be batch to batch variabilityOnce a hybridoma is made it is a constant and renewable source and all batches will be identical
Can antibodies bind to multiple antigens simultaneously?
Yes, antibodies can bind to multiple antigens simultaneously.
Exciting New Treatments For Cancer And Autoimmune Diseases?
Antibodies are produced by the body's immune system when an infection occurs. Under normal circumstances, the antibodies that are produced recognize a broad range of targets, for example, different parts of a virus or bacteria. Each specific antibody is known as a clone, and the normal response to an infection is a polyclonal response, because many different specificities are represented.Polyclonal antibodies purified from animals are commonly used tool in biological research. However, the polyclonal nature of antibodies can be detrimental, as the exact specificity is unknown. In order to overcome these complications, scientists developed a method for generating monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), i.e., antibodies of a single specificity. Ultimately, the development of the technology for producing monoclonal antibodies resulting in the presentation of the 1984 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Niels Jerne, Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein.Immediately following the development of monoclonal antibodies, these reagents were primarily utilized as research tools. Subsequently, mAbs have been developed into important diagnostic tests including pregnancy tests, HIV screening tests, and cancer diagnostics.More recently, monoclonal antibodies have been developed for the treatment of a number of different diseases. Thus far, this type of biological therapy has been FDA-approved for the treatment of various cancers and autoimmune diseases as well as the prevention of rejection of transplanted organs.Monoclonal antibody treatment of cancer is effective because the antibody can be used to block pathways that drive the growth of the cancer cells or inhibit the ability of the tumor to drive the development of new blood vessels that are required to supply the growing tumor with nutrients. In the case of autoimmune disease, including multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis, monoclonal antibody therapies can block the cells that cause damage from entering the tissues they target or they can block the ability of the cells to function. Similarly, monoclonal antibodies can be used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, a response that is driven by activation of the immune system.Monoclonal antibodies are an exciting new avenue of intervention for diseases that have traditionally been very difficult to treat. Research regarding this approach is ongoing, and new drugs are being approved frequently. For example, the FDA has approved two new monoclonal antibody drugs in the first quarter of 2011 alone, illustrating the rapid progress of this new tactic for treating chronic diseases.
What are the ethical issues with monoclonal antibodies?
- Production involves the use of mice. These mice are used to produce both antibodies and tumour cells. The production of tumour cells involves deliberately inducing cancer in mice. Despite specific guidelines drawn up to minimise any suffering, some people still have reservations about using animals in this way.- To eliminate the need for humanisation of the antibody, transgenic mice can be used. In this case, a human gene is placed in the mice to that they can produce human antibodies rather than mouse antibodies. This raises the whole debate surrounding the ethics of genetic engineering.- Monoclonal antibodies have been used successfully to treat a number of diseases, including cancer and diabetes, saving many lives. There have also been some deaths associated with their use in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.- Testing for the safety of new drugs presents certain dangers. In march 2006, six healthy volunteers took part in the trial of new monoclonal antibody (TGN1412) in London. Within minutes they suffered multiple organ failure, probably as a result of T cells overproducing chemicals that stimulate an immune response or attacking the body tissues. All the volunteers survived, but it raises issues about the conduct of drug trials.
Can Rheumatoid Arthritis cause a Monoclonal Spike or MGUS?
Yes, and some doctors misdiagnose Rheumatoid Arthritis as Multiple Myeloma!
What is antigenic shift?
influenza A viruses can trade genetic materials with the viruses of other species. Two different strains trade or merge material, a process known as an antigenic shift.
What are atypical antibodies?
these are the allo antibodies produced against the foreign cells in a transfused patient usually foun in patients with multiple transfusions
What would cause two or more precipitant bands to form in an antigen-antibody experiment?
Two or more precipitant bands can form in an antigen-antibody experiment due to the presence of multiple antigenic epitopes that react with different antibodies, leading to the formation of distinct immune complexes. Additionally, variations in antibody concentrations or affinities can result in the formation of different-sized complexes that precipitate at varying rates, creating multiple bands. This phenomenon may also occur if the sample contains multiple antigens that can bind to the same antibody, resulting in the formation of separate precipitate zones.
How do protein A and protein G differ in their ability to bind to specific antibodies?
Protein A and protein G differ in their ability to bind to specific antibodies based on their binding preferences. Protein A primarily binds to antibodies from the IgG class, while protein G has a broader binding range and can bind to antibodies from multiple classes, including IgG, IgM, and IgA.
