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The English language used to have a set of pronouns and verb forms for the second person singular, as do most other languages. In French, for example, if you are talking to one person, you say "Qu'est-ce que tu as fait?" ("What have you done?"), but if you are talking to two or more, you say "Qu'est-ce que vous avez fait?" ("What have you done?") In English, it doesn't matter whether you are talking to one person or more than one, you still say "What have you done?". But it didn't used to be like that; English, like French, used to have different pronouns if you were talking to only one person. And when conjugating verbs, these pronouns took different verb forms. The pronouns are "thou", "thee" and "thy", and correspond to the plural forms "you", "you" and "your". For now, let's talk about "thou", which is used when talking to one person. Where you would be nowadays inclined to say "You are an idiot.", you used to say "Thou are an idiot" instead, except that verbs had special forms when using "thou", usually ending in -st, so that "Thou hast"="You have", "Thou art"="You are", "Thou dost"="You do", "Thou goest"="You go", "Thou beginnest"="You begin" and so on. So you would not say "Thou are an idiot" but rather "Thou art an idiot". The use of these pronouns has been gradually diminishing over the centuries, but they are still used, especially in prayers and poetry.

In the example, you will recognize that "hast" is the form of "have" that goes with "thou" (Some will remember a song called "Du hast" by the German group Rammstein, which means, and is almost identical to "thou hast"). "What hast thou done?" therefore means "What have you done?"

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