Evolution

Lamarck's theory is that an organism can pass traits to their offspring that they have acquired in their lifetime. One example commonly used is that he felt giraffes acquired long necks because of generations of them stretching and trying to reach higher leaves on the tree. He thought that these stretched muscles would be passed down to their offspring. This has been proven wrong because this is not how evolution takes place. If you would cut off the tails of two mice and then breed them their offspring would not have short tails.

He said that as giraffe stretching out their necks get longer and longer

An evolutionary trade-off occurs when there is a compromise between two traits that cannot be optimized simultaneously. For example, investing resources in growing a larger brain may come at the expense of producing fewer offspring. Evolutionary trade-offs are the result of limited resources and competing selective pressures.

The scientific community doesn't accept something until it has been conclusively supported by evidence and has been shown to fit the facts.

The religious community saw it as a threat to their belief system (and some still do today).

Robin Dunbar proposed, based on primate research, a relation between brain size and the number of social relationships an individual can maintain. Dunbar proposed, furthermore, that the evolution of language greatly reduced the mental effort required to maintain the same number of social relationships.

How this all relates to the evolution of the brain is not immediately evident to me, although it undoubtedly does.

Though the basics are settled some questions still remain. One of the biggest arguments in evolution now is the argument of the exact evolutionary history of the human lineage, and its relationships to its closest relatives, past and present.

The discussion about specific phylogenies remains because the genetic evidence is, while more precise than any other line, not so accurate as to allow only one phylogeny for each assay.

Also, there remains plenty to discuss on the subjects of mechanisms. Drift, biased gene conversion, plenty other mechanisms affect evolution - but to what degree?

There is no such thing as 'devolution'. Evolution is defined as genetic change over time. Change, even when it is observed that morphological attributes evolve that are similar to attributes that have been present earlier on in that lineage, has only one direction: forward in time.

An insurgent state is the concept that represents the second stage that of equilibrium. This is the stage where schools, local government and other social services that substitute for the formal state may have previously provided.

The main function of the nucleolus is the transcription of ribosomal RNA.

The theory of evolution was accepted by scientists in 1859, Darwin's first book was published the same year that his theory was accepted.

It's more of a matter of acceptance than belief. Belief implies there is no evidence, so one has to rely on faith. I personally accept the genetic, embryological, and paleontological evidence that supports Darwin's theory. It eloquently explains the diversity of life on earth today.

The energy transmitted from the Sun. The upper atmosphere of Earth receives about 1.5 × 1021 watt-hours (thermal) of solar radiation annually. This vast amount of energy is more than 23,000 times that used by the human population of this planet, but it is only about one two-billionth of the Sun's massive outpouring—about 3.9 × 1020 MW. See also Sun. The power density of solar radiation measured just outside Earth's atmosphere and over the entire solar spectrum is called the solar constant. According to the World Meteorological Organization, the most reliable (1981) value for the solar constant is 1370 ± 6 W/m2. See also Solar constant. Solar radiation is attenuated before reaching Earth's surface by an atmosphere that removes or alters part of the incident energy by reflection, scattering, and absorption. In particular, nearly all ultraviolet radiation and certain wavelengths in the infrared region are removed. However, the solar radiation striking Earth's surface each year is still more than 10,000 times the world's energy use. Radiation scattered by striking gas molecules, water vapor, or dust particles is known as diffuse radiation. Clouds are a particularly important scattering and reflecting agent, capable of reducing direct radiation by as much as 80 to 90%. The radiation arriving at the ground directly from the Sun is called direct or beam radiation. Global radiation is all solar radiation incident on the surface, including direct and diffuse. See also Solar radiation. Solar research and technology development aim at finding the most efficient ways of capturing low-density solar energy and developing systems to convert captured energy to useful purposes. Also of significant potential as power sources are the indirect forms of solar energy: wind, biomass, hydropower, and the tropical ocean surfaces. With the exception of hydropower, these energy resources remain largely untapped. See also Energy sources. Five major technologies using solar energy are being developed. (1) The heat content of solar radiation is used to provide moderate-temperature heat for space comfort conditioning of buildings, moderate- and high-temperature heat for industrial processes, and high-temperature heat for generating electricity. (2) Photovoltaics convert solar energy directly into electricity. (3) Biomass technologies exploit the chemical energy produced through photosynthesis (a reaction energized by solar radiation) to produce energy-rich fuels and chemicals and to provide direct heat for many uses. (4) Wind energy systems generate mechanical energy, primarily for conversion to electric power. (5) Finally, a number of ocean energy applications are being pursued; the most advanced is ocean thermal energy conversion, which uses temperature differences between warm ocean surface water and cooler deep water to produce electricity. See also Biomass; Photovoltaic cell; Wind. Solar energy can be converted to useful work or heat by using a collector to absorb solar radiation, allowing much of the Sun's radiant energy to be converted to heat. This heat can be used directly in residential, industrial, and agricultural operations; converted to mechanical or electrical power; or applied in chemical reactions for production of fuels and chemicals. A solar energy system is normally designed to be able to deliver useful heat for 6 to 10 h a day, depending on the season and weather. Storage capacity in the solar thermal system is one way to increase a plant's operating capacity. There are four primary ways to store solar thermal energy: (1) sensible-heat-storage systems, which store thermal energy in materials with good heat-retention qualities; (2) latent-heat-storage systems, which store solar thermal energy in the latent heat of fusion or vaporization of certain materials undergoing a change of phase; (3) chemical energy storage, which uses reversible reactions (for example, the dissociation-association reaction of sulfuric acid and water); and (4) electrical or mechanical storage, particularly through the use of storage batteries (electrical) or compressed air (mechanical). See also Energy storage. Photovoltaic systems convert light energy directly to electrical energy. Using one of the most versatile solar technologies, photovoltaic systems can, because of their modularity, be designed for power needs ranging from milliwatts to megawatts. They can be used to provide power for applications as small as a wristwatch to as large as an entire community. They can be used in centralized systems, such as a generator in a power plant, or in dispersed applications, such as in remote areas not readily accessible to utility grid lines. Biomass energy is solar energy stored in plant and animal matter. Through photosynthesis in plants, energy from the Sun transforms simple elements from air, water, and soil into complex carbohydrates. These carbohydrates can be used directly as fuel (for example, burning wood) or processed into liquids and gases (for example, ethanol or methane). Biomass is a renewable energy resource because it can be harvested periodically and converted to fuel. See also Carbohydrate; Photosynthesis. Wind is a source of energy derived primarily from unequal heating of Earth's surface by the Sun. Energy from the wind has been used for centuries to propel ships, to grind grain, and to lift water. Wind turbines extract energy from the wind to perform mechanical work or to generate electricity. Ocean thermal energy conversion uses the temperature difference between surface water heated by the Sun and deep cold water pumped from depths of 2000 to 3000 ft (600 to 900 m). This temperature difference makes it possible to produce electricity from the heat engine concept. Since the ocean acts as an enormous solar energy storage facility with little fluctuation of temperature over time, ocean thermal energy conversion, unlike most other renewable energy technologies, can provide electricity 24 h a day.

Social darwinism

There are no scientific theories that disprove evolution. Evolution is a well-supported scientific theory that is backed by a vast amount of evidence from various scientific fields. Any claims to the contrary are not supported by scientific consensus.

Charles Darwin developed the Theory of Evolution through his work on the mechanism of Natural Selection. This theory explains how species change over time through the process of adaptation to their environment.

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace independently came up with evolution around about the same time. Darwin was the one to gain the first evidence for it, and suggested the process of natural selection as the driver of evolution.

The smallest biological unit that can evolve over time is a population. Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of a population over generations. Individuals do not evolve, but rather the frequency of traits within a population changes over time.

no, taxonomy is not evolution. Taxonomy is the science of naming species. Taxonomy, though, makes evolution clearly apparent, as new species require new naming conventions, however similar they may seem.

and a "species" is defined as something that can establish its own breeding population...something that can sustain a propagating population. So horses are a species, donkeys are a species, but mules, the hybrid of horses and donkeys, are not, since they could not mate with other mules reliably to create a new "species" called mules without the help of either parent Mules, then, instead of a species, are called a hybrid.

overproduction actually helps the survival but if mjost of the eggs hatch but the more animals would mean more competetion for food and if their isn't enough food tehn the food source will become extinct and the other species that depend on that food source will die out also

For any hypothesis to be considered a theory, a scientific journal must be written and submitted to undergo rigorous peer evaluation. The theory of evolution has sufficient evidence and support to withstand the dissection from biologists around the world. However, keep in mind that the theory of evolution is not "proven" as nothing in the realm of science can be confirmed with absolute certainty.

Evolution is widely accepted among the scientifically literate. It is broadly rejected among those who hold religious objections. The theory has enjoyed tremendous success over the years, and is now considered to be the foundational theory of biology. Theodosius Dobzhansky once said, "nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution." I would consider that a pretty strong validation.

monophyletic

HUH?????

An example of this theory can be seen in the Galápagos Islands. The Galápagaos are 16 islands off the coast of South America that Charles observed in 1835. These islands, we now know, were formed 4 million years ago from volcanic activity and had no life on them. Therefore, any animal living there now must have either flown or drifted to the islands. One species thriving in the Galapagos is the Marine Iguana, the only sea going Iguana (a type of lizard) in the world. So, if it is known that the Galápagos were initially empty, "Where did this Iguana come from?" Darwin asked. Other reptiles came to the Galapagos Islands like the Yellow Land Iguana from South America. Reptiles such as these, being able to survive for long periods of time without food or water, could have drifted to the Galápagos on driftwood or bark. Suppose the land Iguana had no food, due to overpopulation, and was forced to feed in the shallow waters on seaweed, small fish and molluscs. If one Iguana could swim better and could hold onto rocks better than others, even slightly, it would get more food and become stronger and healthier. It would therefore win more mates and reproduce more whilst its other brothers and sisters die from starvation. Later generations from this Iguana inherit and refine this talent and will survive and reproduce. Now, there are more of these skilled Iguanas who can also gather food from the sea. Thousands of generations later, with these traits selected, we end up with a new species, the Marine Iguana, which now far outnumbers the Land Iguana.

• Cell theory explains that all living organisms are composed of cells, which carry genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next.
• Heredity and genetics explain how traits are inherited and passed down through genes, contributing to the diversity of life.
• Evolution through natural selection describes how organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to changes in populations over time and resulting in the unity and diversity of life.