Malaria

Mosquitoes belonging to the Genus Anopheles.

Reptile Aves and Mammals are primary host of plasmodium

THere are 3:

1. Plasmodium vivax/ovale: you get tertian (48 hour cycle) fevers, and this one can stay dormant in your liver so you need to treat it with primaquine to kill it there also on top of chloroquine.
2. Plasmodium falciparum: The most common and the worst one to get. Severe, daily fever cycles. The RBC's c the parasites can occlude capillaries in the brain = cerebral malaria, kidneys, and lungs.
3. Plasmodium malariae: Quartan (72 hour) cyclic fever, headache, anemia, splenomegaly.

You ID these on blood smear and the vector is a mosquito.

There are actually four species of protists that can cause Malaria.

• Plasmodium falciparum
• Plasmodium vivax
• Plasmodium ovale
• Plasmodium malaria

Plasmodium falciparum is the most widespread and dangerous.

Schema of the Life Cycle of Malaria

= = The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host . Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts , which rupture and release merozoites . (Of note, in P. vivax and P. ovale a dormant stage [hypnozoites] can persist in the liver and cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks, or even years later.) After this initial replication in the liver (exo-erythrocytic schizogony ), the parasites undergo laughl multiplication in the erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony ). Merozoites infect red blood cells . The ring stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture releasing merozoites . Some parasites differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes) . Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal . The parasites' multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle . While in the mosquito's stomach, the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes . The zygotes in turn become motile and elongated (ookinetes) which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts . The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites , which make their way to the mosquito's salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle. ANSWERED BY: GENERAL PROFESSOR ARIEL N. MAGNO MALARIA: A SERIOUS DISEASE by: GENERAL PROFFESOR ARIEL MAGNO of CEBU,PHILIPPINES. In nature, malaria parasites spread by infecting successively two types of hosts: humans and female Anophelesmosquitoes. In humans, the parasites grow and multiply first in the liver cells and then in the red cells of the blood. In the blood, successive broods of parasites grow inside the red cells and destroy them, releasing daughter parasites ("merozoites") that continue the cycle by invading other red cells. The blood stage parasites are those that cause the symptoms of malaria. When certain forms of blood stage parasites ("gametocytes") are picked up by a female Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal, they start another, different cycle of growth and multiplication in the mosquito. After 10-18 days, the parasites are found (as "sporozoites") in the mosquito's salivary glands. When the Anopheles mosquito takes a blood meal on another human, the sporozoites are injected with the mosquito's saliva and start another human infection when they parasitize the liver cells. Thus the mosquito carries the disease from one human to another (acting as a "vector"). Differently from the human host, the mosquito vector does not suffer from the presence of the parasites. View Schema of the life cycle of malaria = Human Hosts = Humans infected with malaria parasites can develop a wide range of symptoms. These vary from asymptomatic infections (no apparent illness), to the classic symptoms of malaria (fever, chills, sweating, headaches, muscle pains), to severe complications (cerebral malaria, anemia, kidney failure) that can result in death. The severity of the symptoms depends on several factors, such as the species (type) of infecting parasite and the human's acquired immunity and genetic background. more: Human Hosts = Malaria Parasites = Four species of malaria parasites can infect humans under natural conditions: Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae. The first two species cause the most infections worldwide. Plasmodium falciparum is the agent of severe, potentially fatal malaria, causing an estimated 700,000 - 2.7 million deaths annually, most of them in young children in Africa. Plasmodium vivax and P. ovale have dormant liver stage parasites ("hypnozoites") which can reactivate ("relapse") and cause malaria several months or years after the infecting mosquito bite. Plasmodium malariae produces long-lasting infections and if left untreated can persist asymptomatically in the human host for years, even a lifetime. More: Malaria Parasites = Anopheles Mosquitoes = Malaria is transmitted among humans by female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. Female mosquitoes take blood meals to carry out egg production, and such blood meals are the link between the human and the mosquito hosts in the parasite life cycle. Of the approximately 430 known species of Anopheles, only 30-50 transmit malaria in nature. The successful development of the malaria parasite in the mosquito (from the "gametocyte" stage to the "sporozoite" stage) depends on several factors. The most important is ambient temperature and humidity (higher temperatures accelerate the parasite growth in the mosquito) and whether the Anopheles survives long enough to allow the parasite to complete its cycle in the mosquito host ("sporogonic" or "extrinsic" cycle, duration 10 to 18 days). Differently from the human host, the mosquito host does not suffer noticeably from the presence of the parasites. by:ariel n. magno pisti MALARIA: A SERIOUS DISEASE by: GENERAL PROFFESOR ARIEL MAGNO of CEBU,PHILIPPINES.In nature, malaria parasites spread by infecting successively two types of hosts: humans and female Anopheles mosquitoes. In humans, the parasites grow and multiply first in the liver cells and then in the red cells of the blood. In the blood, successive broods of parasites grow inside the red cells and destroy them, releasing daughter parasites ("merozoites") that continue the cycle by invading other red cells. The blood stage parasites are those that cause the symptoms of malaria. When certain forms of blood stage parasites ("gametocytes") are picked up by a female Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal, they start another, different cycle of growth and multiplication in the mosquito. After 10-18 days, the parasites are found (as "sporozoites") in the mosquito's salivary glands. When the Anopheles mosquito takes a blood meal on another human, the sporozoites are injected with the mosquito's saliva and start another human infection when they parasitize the liver cells. Thus the mosquito carries the disease from one human to another (acting as a "vector"). Differently from the human host, the mosquito vector does not suffer from the presence of the parasites. View Schema of the life cycle of malaria = Human Hosts = Humans infected with malaria parasites can develop a wide range of symptoms. These vary from asymptomatic infections (no apparent illness), to the classic symptoms of malaria (fever, chills, sweating, headaches, muscle pains), to severe complications (cerebral malaria, anemia, kidney failure) that can result in death. The severity of the symptoms depends on several factors, such as the species (type) of infecting parasite and the human's acquired immunity and genetic background. more: Human Hosts = Malaria Parasites = Four species of malaria parasites can infect humans under natural conditions: Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae. The first two species cause the most infections worldwide. Plasmodium falciparum is the agent of severe, potentially fatal malaria, causing an estimated 700,000 - 2.7 million deaths annually, most of them in young children in Africa. Plasmodium vivax and P. ovale have dormant liver stage parasites ("hypnozoites") which can reactivate ("relapse") and cause malaria several months or years after the infecting mosquito bite. Plasmodium malariae produces long-lasting infections and if left untreated can persist asymptomatically in the human host for years, even a lifetime. More: Malaria Parasites = Anopheles Mosquitoes = Malaria is transmitted among humans by female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. Female mosquitoes take blood meals to carry out egg production, and such blood meals are the link between the human and the mosquito hosts in the parasite life cycle. Of the approximately 430 known species of Anopheles, only 30-50 transmit malaria in nature. The successful development of the malaria parasite in the mosquito (from the "gametocyte" stage to the "sporozoite" stage) depends on several factors. The most important is ambient temperature and humidity (higher temperatures accelerate the parasite growth in the mosquito) and whether the Anopheles survives long enough to allow the parasite to complete its cycle in the mosquito host ("sporogonic" or "extrinsic" cycle, duration 10 to 18 days). Differently from the human host, the mosquito host does not suffer noticeably from the presence of the parasites.
Stage 1: After getting injected into the human bloodstream following a bite from Anopheles mosquito, the parasites in the form of sporozoites invade the liver. They stay in the liver cells after destroying them.

Stage2: Over a period of 5 to 16 days, depending on the species of the malaria parasite, sporozoites multiply rapidly to create thousands of red blood cell invading parasites called merzoites. Each of the sporozoit infected liver cell creates thousands of merzoites. Some species of the malaria parasite remain dormant for long periods before causing relapses weeks or months later.

Stage 3: The merzoites now leave the liver cells and invade the red blood cells after entering the bloodstream. In the next 1 to 3 days, asexual replications of merzoites take place leading to the sickness and complications of malaria. These symptoms can last for months if not treated. In the following stages of lifecycle of malaria parasite, it is explained how malaria spreads to other persons.

Stage 4: A few of the red blood cells infected with merzoites stop replicating asexually and instead become male or female gametocyte (formations that develop into male or female parasite). These gametocytes start circulating in the bloodstream.

Stage 5: When a mosquito bites an infected person with gametocytes circulating in his blood, it ingests them. They go on to develop into mature sex cells called gamete. Male and female gametes combine to form what is called an oocyst.

Stage 6: In the last stage of the malaria parasite lifecycle, each of these oocysts forms several sporozoites in the body of the mosquito and reach its salivary glands. These sporozoites are again injected into the human blood when the mosquito bites and re-starts the whole cycle.

There is no cure, but there is medication your doctor can supply you with medicine to prevent it. They are: Artteminisinin, halofantrine, and chloroquine. ask your doctor if you have questions or comments

You can use chinchona which is a herbal remedy

You can laugh at me, but I say bell peppers are the cure for malaria. According to the Internet, the red ones are the best, then the yellow, but I believe the green one I ate cured me. The fever broke the next day, and I have not had an attack since. There was a side effect which lasted about four times longer than the disease. I will not say what it was, but I will advise anyone who tries it to carry an extra pair of underwear.

SilverSol can cure malaria

Silver Sol, the patented, EPA and FDA approved silver nano particle technology has successfully cured malaria in at least 1000 children in Africa. Some were critically ill and not expected to survive. It has been approved by the Food and Drug Board in Ghana as a drug for the treatment of malaria and is currently being used in several clinics in Africa.

Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease that is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of the Americas, Asia, and Africa. Each year, it causes disease in approximately 650 million people and kills between one and three million, most of them young children in Sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria is commonly-associated with poverty, but is also a cause of poverty and a major hindrance to economic development. Malaria is one of the most common infectious diseases and an enormous public-health problem. The disease is caused by protozoanparasites of the genusPlasmodium. The most serious forms of the disease are caused by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, but other related species (Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, and sometimes Plasmodium knowlesi) can also infect humans. This group of human-pathogenic Plasmodiumspecies is usually referred to as malaria parasites. [1]

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria

Malaria is a serious infectious disease indigenous to tropical and subtropical areas, particularly sub-Sahara Africa, where 90% of malaria-related deaths occur. The primary mode of transmission is via the bite of an infective female Anopheles' mosquito, which is the only species capable of transmitting malaria (protozoan) parasites.

The mosquito, itself, does not have malaria, but carries the parasite from one infected person to another by incubating the microorganisms in donor blood. About a week later, during her next feeding cycle, she injects the microscopic pathogens into a new host through a mixture of tainted blood and saliva. Once inside the human body, malaria parasites multiply within the red blood cells.

There are five distinct species of the malaria (plasmodium) parasite that can infect humans. The most serious form of the disease is caused by Plasmodium falciparum, which results in 1-3 million deaths per year, primarily in young children. The total annual infection rate is 350-500 million cases, making malaria one of the most serious public health problems in Africa.

Symptoms of malaria include anemia, light-headedness, shortness of breath, tachycardia (fast heart rate), fever, chills, nausea, and muscle aches. More severe infections may be accompanied by retinal damage, renal failure, brain swelling, seizures, coma and death. For those who survive, malaria may become chronic, lapsing and remitting over time and requiring intermittent hospitalization and ongoing treatment with anti-malarial drugs like chloroquine, quinine, and amodiaquine. Unfortunately, the dangerous Plasmodium strain is developing treatment resistance to some of these drugs.

At present, there is no vaccine for malaria, although there are several in development. Preventative measures are currently directed at mosquito control.

Philippines dengue case load for Q1 2011 was some 5% higher than the preceding year, at 18,885 cases and 115 deaths.

http://www.examiner.com/article/philippines-dengue-fever-exceeds-80-000-cases-may-reach-100-000

Philippines: Dengue fever exceeds 80,000 cases, may reach 100,000