Photosynthesis

Light Dependant Reaction

Carbon dioxide + H2O + SUNLIGHT => NaDPH + O2 + ATP

Then the NaDPH and the ATP goes to the dark reactions, or the Calvin-Benson Cycle.

BIOCHEMICALLY CORRECT PROCESS IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS

MINERALS IN HARVESTING SUNLIGHT-THE ARNON CYCLE

MINERALS IN THE Z-CYCLE OXYGEN GENERATION

It has always been taught in Ag Schools that the interaction between the chlorophyll and sunlight is all there is to photosynthesis. So we are puzzled why we get inconsistent yields, why sometimes the variety will perform or sometimes not. The answer is not so obvious until you pull apart the components how photosynthesis works. So we construe that the formula advertised for photosynthesis without explaining the role of the mineral nutrients is a deception by academic cohorts of the chemical industry for us to buy more chemicals. In an earlier posting we demonstrated that the lack of any mineral necessary for photosynthesis is also the cause of insect and disease attack.

First, let us look at chlorophyll, it is described as similar to the hemoglobin molecule except it has a central chelating ion MAGNESIUM instead of IRON. Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Chlorophyll absorbs light most strongly in the blue and red but poorly in the green portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and it is this portion we see reflected hence the green color of chlorophyll-containing tissues like plant leaves. So it is blue and red portions that is heavily used for photosynthesis. Is it not a waste of solar energy that only red and blue are absorbed? No, because the plants have evolved other forms of chromophore pigment carotenoids that absorb light strongly in the green spectrum, these pigments are called chlorophyll antennae.

Once the light is captured by MAGNESIUM it is passed on to a COPPER containing protein called plastocyanin whose function it is to convert the light into chemical bond energy in about 1 ps (picoseconds) that is usable for plants a process called charge separation. When converted these electrons are transported to a storage battery like protein nicotine adenine dinucleotide bridged together by PHOSPHORUS which holds the charge in a triphosphate bond NADPH. The transporter is a protein molecule called ferredoxin b6f contain IRON and SULFUR. Meanwhile hydrogen electrons from the breakdown of water in the Z reaction powered by MANGANESE-CALCIUM-CHLORINE-OXYGEN are funneled by an electron chemiosmotic gradient to drive the ATP- synthase to produce ATP in a separate mechanism and the oxygen from water diffuses out of the leaf thru stomata. Other H+ ions are inserted into C↓O2 captured by the enzyme Rubisco to form CH2O to form - (GAP) Glyceraldehyde-3 Phosphate the first step in formation of glucose. In warm, over 38ᴼC environments Rubisco the "absent-minded" enzyme frequently captures O2 instead of CO2 and leads to gross inefficiency of photosynthesis in C-4 plants. Rice, wheat, barley are C4 plants. This is the scary reality of global warming, because rice is just another weed in warm temperatures, do you see rice growing in the middle east?.

We call this processes photophosphorylation (or light dependent energy harvesting). NADPH and ATP are the energy currency that supplies power to the glucose synthesis engine called the Calvin Cycle. This is photosynthesis with the active electronic parts, the metalloprotein ions explained. What is the digital switch to turn off photosynthesis circuit at night? The pH change in the stroma shuts off Magnesium. Respiration powered by Glycolysis Krebs cycle produces the nighttime/daytime ATP and the cycle intermediates provide all the carbon skeletons necessary for the synthesis of amino acids and secondary metabolites for defense.

Once stored the energy is available for the chemical machinery to produce glucose. Stored glucose is utilized by the plant while the sun is out (hiding behind thick clouds or at night). Did you ever wonder why is it plants don't burn up in intense sunlight? That is the function of ZINC metallo protein (called zinc porphyrins) that dissipates and distribute light to carotenoid (chromopore) antennae chlorophyll, light is never in excess, the triggering mechanism for this is a COBALT-metalloprotein. Cobalt react to overcharging in the few trillionth second range. This is the electronics of light capture, what happens if two or three of the elements are in short supply, this was first discussed by baron Justus von Liebeg in 1843, photosynthetic output, and yield declines. F.F. Blackman 1905 described the law of sufficiency in the photosynthetic pathway . So, it is another commercial lie propagandized by the ivy league barrel that photosynthesis has always been depicted in the above caption. Ref: Buchanan et al The Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants 2005. Check it out on the computer.

As a practical guide, when any of the minerals involved in the electronics of photosynthesis the metallo protein is not fully developed the leaf loses color, the worst deficiency is zinc and iron, the whole components are photo oxidized, the leaf is nearly colorless. We have a rule, if the plant is pale, call the General-it has all the minerals required to maximize photosynthesis.

But, photosynthesis is not only the production of glucose, it is also involved in the evolution of Oxygen from H2O for man and animals. In the grand design of photosynthesis green plants obtaining power from the sun combines the hydrogen from water with CO2 from the atmosphere to form the carbon skeleton raw material for 6-carbon glucose product and liberates O2 molecules for us in the Z-reaction. The current phenomenon of Global Warming is easily correlated to the lack of Photosynthesis from expanding deserts, bald mountains in the tropical countries, in Brazil, Philippines, and Indonesia. We have failures in reforestation because the mountains are depleted of the minerals described above and photosynthesis does not happen with just light + carbon dioxide + water.

To summarize, 10 minerals must be available to the plant in sufficient quantity as components of enzymes to make photosynthesis run. The soil is so thoroughly messed up in conventional agriculture it's a wonder plants can still live in it, but we will never become sufficient in food and the world is going to get warmer unless we learn this lesson. In short, it is the depletion of these micronutrients that is causing a decline in photosynthesis, CO2 accumulates and the world gets warmer and warmer. Where did these minerals go, buried with people in cemeteries, stored in the bodies of people now numbering 7 billion strong, washed away from the earth by rain into the oceans.

In Sere re Agriculture we have a product called General Purpose in a chelated micronutrient foliar spray that is used to maximize photosynthesis. It contains all the micro nutrients necessary. We claim that the Institute for Agriculture without Pesticdes is the only place this story of biochemically correct photosynthesis is taught to students. We also teach that when photosynthesis is running at 100% efficiency all the protein enzymes required to produce DNA, Phospholipids, starch, fats and defense metabolites can be synthesized by a plant that has a fully energized power grid run by the Krebs cycle. Fuel for the Krebs cycle is glucose.

Only six more element are needed by the plant N, K, Mo, Bo, Si, Ni. Briefly, N is the protein scaffolding in plant reactions, it is not directly involved in the electronics of photosynthesis but in the synthesis of proteins that comprise the large scale integrated circuits of metallo-proteins (like the Pentium processors for computer for each element), K is the osmoticum pump to provide 3-D aqueous spatial arrangements of the machinery and control of stomatal opening (like air conditioning inside), Mo converts sugar skeletons to amino acids, Bo is primary anti infective agent inside the plant and cellulose strand spiral structure binder, Si is the primary herbivore offense of the plant and Ni is the key to changeover from rapid growth to reproductive growth in the plant. We shall in time show you in this series the details of function for each element from the biochemical - genetics point. doclino_60@y.

9-1

Let us first take into account what effect a cold temperature has on photosynthesis.

Generally, if it is cold, there will be less sunlight and the enzymes cannot function at their optimum temperature. As a result of this, we can conclude that the rate of photosynthesis will slow down.

To adapt for this, plans generally have long, thin leaves to capture as much sunlight as possible. Organelles such as stroma which are involved in photosynthesis are located very close to the surface of the leaves to allow as much sun light to go into it as possible.