X-Ray

After high school graduation, you need two years in an accredited college program in order to be eligible to take the ARRT exam. Once you pass the exam, you can legally work in all 50 states.

Your magnification factor is SID divided by OID. [MF = SID/OID]

So for example:

If your SID was 40 and your SOD was 32

Your magnification factor = 40/32 = 1.25 -- This means the image will appear 25% larger than the actual object. (It's the size of 1 plus 25 percent more of the original.)

Example 2 if you're trying to figure out original object size:

Your object size equals your image size divided by the magnification factor (MF). [object size = image size/ MF]

If you have an object on an image that measure 70 inches when your SID was 100 and your OID was 65, how big was the original object?

MF=100/65= 1.54 (rounded)

Object size = 65/1.54 = 42.21

The object imaged was 42.21 inches before magnification.

ct scan

An x-ray are an example of electromagnetic radiation. They are highly energetic and are capable of ionizing most materials. This also makes them hazardous to human life; they can damage DNA molecules and cause cancer.

All electromagnetic waves are transverse (oscillation is transverse to the direction of motion).

An ordinary x-ray machine such as in medicine or an airport scanner, consists of a cathode and an anode situated in an evacuated glass envelope.

Once accelerating voltages are over 50 000 Volts, x-rays will be generated at the anode.

Ordinary cathode materials suffice, and these commonly have a tungsten heater, maybe with a thorium coating, for this material emits electrons easily when heated.

The anode is the source of the x-rays, and commonly is angled such that the x-rays emitted will not travel straight back to the cathode. Because of the energies involved, the control of the direction of the x-rays is rather limited (read very difficult) and trying to focus the x-ray beam is indeed difficult.

Control of the beam is often accomplished by having a small tubular opening in an x-ray opaque material, thus simulating an attempt at collimation.

There are however x-ray sources that do not directly generate their own radiation, they instaed encapsulate a radioactive source which has inbuilt radiation properties. Cobalt 60 for example may be a source of neutrons, and one common use of this high energy source is for sterilizing medical equipment. Of course it is also used as a source for medical x-rays as well. In appearance, this material superficially looks like iron, and there has been at least one incident where a C60 source has been recycled (along with other scrap, in an horrific error) into reinforcing bars.

It may be that Cs137 is also used as an x-ray source, but my brief search failed to find a reference.

electrical

front

The energy to generate X-rays for medical imaging comes from high voltage. High voltage is applied to an X-ray tube to accelerate electrons across the space between the anode and cathode in the tube. The higher the voltage, the more the electrons are accelerated. The electrons slam into the cathode, which is a metal target. This "knocks loose" some electrons in the metallic crystal structure of the metal of the cathode, and when the electrons that have been slammed into give up energy to return to a "relaxed" state, they give off very high energy electromagnetic radiation - X-rays.

Filtration is the process of increasing the mean energy of the x-ray beam by passing it through an absorber. The primary x-ray beam is polychromatic, that is, the beam contains a spectrum of photons of different energies and the average energy is one-half to one-third of the peak energy. Many of the photons produced are low energy and, if they escape through the glass window of the tube, they are absorbed by the first few centimeters of tissue and contribute nothing to the exposure of the film. Only the higher energy photons can penetrate the patient and reach the film to assist in making the radiograph The dose of radiation received by the patient is highest in the first few centimeters of tissue because of absorption of this low energy portion of the x-ray beam. The amount of scattered radiation is higher with an unfiltered beam because of the number of low energy photons. So, it is advantageous to both the patient and to the technician to use a filtered x-ray beam.

Only is rare cases does this method work. The most famous case was one in which ambient static electricity, artificially built up on the porcelain, caused the imtransient flux residue (present within porcelain) to release an ionic discharge. This resulted in a brief x-ray blocking effect, however it also caused an immediate and severe case of 'squirtus inmuhpantsies', or common diarhea. Not recommended.

X ray

The purpose of x-ray film is to capture an image made when you are exposed to carefully controlled x-rays, so your physician can visualize some aspects of yuor insides.

The production of x rays is a reverse process of photoelectric effect. X rays are produced when target metal is bombarded by electrons while in photoelectric effect, the electron are produced when light waves are incident on a metal surface.

This is an interesting question, I have received my own mammogram films, and some others, while other hospitals say they are ''their'' property. Perhaps it is a facility/doctor policy? I agree with you. If we as patients pay for them, they should be our property.

When the film is taken front to back, with the back being against the film, it is anteroposterior (AP).

Routine chest x rays consist of two views, the frontal view and the lateral (side) view. The patient stands and is asked to hold their breath for a few seconds.

Cystoscopy

So that your DNA does what it needs to do for your body.

The reproductive organs can be more sensitive to x-rays than muscle tissue and have more important negative effects. The x-rays could cause damage to some future follicles or egg cells which might cause some genetic effects on any children conceived shortly after being exposed. You should always make sure to be shielded with some lead as much as possible for the exam being done whenever getting any type of x-ray.

Geo Adolfo bald patch ahining like a vasseline head

Yes, you can have X-rays taken when you are menstruating. It is possible for X-rays to show tampons and menstrual cups in the body, but an x-ray technician is aware that some people menstruate.

The long answer has to do with the amount of potentially damaging radiation a fetus receives and varies widely depending on how many weeks pregnant one is and what type of x-ray you are getting (e.g. chest plain x-ray, abdominal CT scan, etc). The shorter answer is that for essentially all conventional medical radiologic diagnostic tests (including CT, MRI, plain xrays, ultrasound, and most common nuclear medicine diagnostic exams), the risk to a fetus is considered very, very, minimal and any tiny risk to the fetus is far outweighed by the medical benefit you likely receive from a medically necessary "x-ray." Remember, if the xray helps you get healthier, your fetus will be healthier.

As with lots of things the X-ray effect was discovered and a use was thought up later. But the implications were immediately apparent. Just as a "first case" here, the idea that an injury including broken bones could be "seen" without any invasive procedures was something a school kid could visualize. Certainly the early investigators saw this clearly, as they did a number of other applications.