Active Directory

A complete or partial replica of all objects in an Active Directory forest is stored in the Global Catalog. This includes a user's group memberships in global, universal, and domain local groups. A universal group is stored in the Global Catalog in its entirety, including all users within that group. Global groups, on the other hand, only store the group data in the Global Catalog. The actual members of the group are not replicated to the Global Catalog, saving some network bandwidth. Domain local groups are a breed of their own. Like global groups, their members are not stored in the Global Catalog, again saving bandwidth. It's when we start adding domain local groups in a multi-domain or multi-forest environment that things get tricky.

When a user attempts to search for or access an Active Directory object (such as a shared folder or printer), he must go through the Global Catalog first. When a client accesses the Global Catalog, he is granted what is called an impersonation token. This token is used to grant or deny the user access to objects stored in the Global Catalog. Inside this token is information on what type of groups the user belongs to (global, universal, or domain local). However, domain local group membership included in the token can be incomplete in a multi-domain environment.

The following two items are included in the user's token:

• Domain local groups present in the domain hosting the Global Catalog

• User's membership in domain local groups within the domain hosting the Global Catalog

BUT if the user is a member of other domain local groups in other domains, he is out of luck, as this information is not included in the token. Why is this important? In addition to a partial replica of all objects in a forest, the Global Catalog contains a listing of each object's permissions specifying who should and should not have access to them. This listing is called a Discretionary Access Control List (DACL). When the user tries to access an Active Directory object, the Global Catalog compares the user's impersonation token with the object's DACL. If the object to be shared has read/write access granted to a domain local group in a different domain to which the user is a member, he may be denied access because this group membership is not present in the user's token

We use Active directory to maintain resources (printer, users, computers) centrally.

please find feature of AD for more clarity.

Security-Having only one domain means better security through a single security policy and a single set of administrators. If you have multiple domains and forests, each has its own administrator. One weak but trusted domain exposes all the other forests and domains. With only a single domain, it's also far easier to enforce an organization-wide security policy

Single platform - a single directory service or Global Catalog (GC) means a single platform for all other directory-ware services, including monitoring and messaging.

Faster deployment-starts in an organization with just a single domain and shared account database solutions need only be deployed once, which means company-wide deployments are much faster than if the organization has multiple and separate domains.

Single management infrastructure-Having a single management infrastructure means there is just one infrastructure for all other directory services tasks, such as software deployment, inventory, and object managment sharing and delegation (such as for user accounts).

Single Group Policy container (GPC)-With a single GPC, management polices need to be defined only once, and can be used throughout the entire enterprise without the need to manually export and import Group Policy Objects (GPOs).

.

Backup and recovery-Having only a single domain means better resiliency because every location has a full domain backup.

Less hardware-In an organization with multiple domains, every location needs two domain controllers (DCs). With a single domain, each location needs only a single DC because if the local DC fails, the locations can use hub DCs. Reduced hardware also means fewer licenses, less management software, and less overhead for server management. There's also no need to back up remote DCs because the remote DCs just hold the same information as the central DCs-assuming the DCs only perform directory services

It is about how to install DHCP server...

In Windows server 2008 ...

Go to... START-->Administrative Tools --> Server Manager --> Roles (Right Click)

--> Add Roles (Here a Add roles wizard will appear) --> Check the box of DHCP Server

--> click next --> Next --> In IPv4 DNS settings Give the parent domain Name and DNS server

IP address and validate it... Click Next --> Add the DHCP scopes --> Disable DHCPv6.. click

Next --> Finally Click on INSTALL

This was the process for installing the DHCP server.,....

Switches are commonly known as "Layer 2 (Data Link Layer)".

3550 Switches: These switches are working under Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) and it is forward the packets through MAC Address, but if we convert these type of switches into Routers it will function in Layer 3 (Network Layer) of OSI model as it's forward the packets based on the IP addresses.

2950 Switches: These switches are working under Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) of OSI model only and it is forward the packets through MAC Address.

"Because the DNS server that runs on an RODC cannot directly register client updates, it has to refer the client to a DNS server that hosts a primary or Active Directory-integrated copy of the zone file. This server is sometimes referred to as a "writable DNS server." When a client presents a Find Authoritative Query, which is the precursor to an update request, the DNS server on the RODC uses the domain controller Locator to find domain controllers in the closest site.

The RODC then compares the list of domain controllers that is returned with the list of name server (NS) resource records that it has. The RODC returns to the client the NS resource record of a writable DNS server that the client can use to perform the update. The client can then perform its update.

If no domain controller in the closest site matches an entry in the list of NS records for the zone, the RODC attempts to discover any domain controller in the forest that matches an entry in the list.

Suppose that a new client is introduced to a site that has a DNS server running only on an RODC. In this case, the RODC DNS server tries to replicate the DNS record that the client has tried to update on the writable DNS server. This occurs approximately five minutes after the RODC provides a response to the original Find Authoritative Query.

If the DNS client on the RODC attempts a DNS update, a writable domain controller running Windows Server 2008 is returned so that the RODC can perform the update."

thamilselvan@hp.com

AD DS: Read-Only Domain Controllers

A read-only domain controller (RODC) is a new type of domain controller in the Windows Server® 2008 operating system. With an RODC, organizations can easily deploy a domain controller in locations where physical security cannot be guaranteed. An RODC hosts read-only partitions of the Active Directory® Domain Services (AD DS) database.

Before the release of Windows Server 2008, if users had to authenticate with a domain controller over a wide area network (WAN), there was no real alternative. In many cases, this was not an efficient solution. Branch offices often cannot provide the adequate physical security that is required for a writable domain controller. Furthermore, branch offices often have poor network bandwidth when they are connected to a hub site. This can increase the amount of time that is required to log on. It can also hamper access to network resources.

Beginning with Windows Server 2008, an organization can deploy an RODC to address these problems. As a result, users in this situation can receive the following benefits:

* Improved security

* Faster logon times

* More efficient access to resources on the network

What does an RODC do?

Inadequate physical security is the most common reason to consider deploying an RODC. An RODC provides a way to deploy a domain controller more securely in locations that require fast and reliable authentication services but cannot ensure physical security for a writable domain controller.

However, your organization may also choose to deploy an RODC for special administrative requirements. For example, a line-of-business (LOB) application may run successfully only if it is installed on a domain controller. Or, the domain controller might be the only server in the branch office, and it may have to host server applications.

In such cases, the LOB application owner must often log on to the domain controller interactively or use Terminal Services to configure and manage the application. This situation creates a security risk that may be unacceptable on a writable domain controller.

An RODC provides a more secure mechanism for deploying a domain controller in this scenario. You can grant a nonadministrative domain user the right to log on to an RODC while minimizing the security risk to the Active Directory forest.

You might also deploy an RODC in other scenarios where local storage of all domain user passwords is a primary threat, for example, in an extranet or application-facing role.

Who will be interested in this feature?

RODC is designed primarily to be deployed in remote or branch office environments. Branch offices typically have the following characteristics:

* Relatively few users

* Poor physical security

* Relatively poor network bandwidth to a hub site

* Little knowledge of information technology (IT)

You should review this section, and the additional supporting documentation about RODC, if you are in any of the following groups:

* IT planners and analysts who are technically evaluating the product

* Enterprise IT planners and designers for organizations

* Those responsible for IT security

* AD DS administrators who deal with small branch offices

Are there any special considerations?

To deploy an RODC, at least one writable domain controller in the domain must be running Windows Server 2008. In addition, the functional level for the domain and forest must be Windows Server 2003 or higher.

For more information about prerequisites for deploying an RODC,

What new functionality does this feature provide?

RODC addresses some of the problems that are commonly found in branch offices. These locations might not have a domain controller. Or, they might have a writable domain controller but not the physical security, network bandwidth, or local expertise to support it. The following RODC functionality mitigates these problems:

* Read-only AD DS database

* Unidirectional replication

* Credential caching

* Administrator role separation

* Read-only Domain Name System (DNS)

Read-only AD DS database

Except for account passwords, an RODC holds all the Active Directory objects and attributes that a writable domain controller holds. However, changes cannot be made to the database that is stored on the RODC. Changes must be made on a writable domain controller and then replicated back to the RODC.

Local applications that request Read access to the directory can obtain access. Lightweight Directory Application Protocol (LDAP) applications that request Write access receive an LDAP referral response. This response directs them to a writable domain controller, normally in a hub site.

RODC filtered attribute set

Some applications that use AD DS as a data store might have credential-like data (such as passwords, credentials, or encryption keys) that you do not want to be stored on an RODC in case the RODC is compromised.

For these types of applications, you can dynamically configure a set of attributes in the schema for domain objects that will not replicate to an RODC. This set of attributes is called the RODC filtered attribute set. Attributes that are defined in the RODC filtered attribute set are not allowed to replicate to any RODCs in the forest.

A malicious user who compromises an RODC can attempt to configure it in such a way that it tries to replicate attributes that are defined in the RODC filtered attribute set. If the RODC tries to replicate those attributes from a domain controller that is running Windows Server 2008, the replication request is denied. However, if the RODC tries to replicate those attributes from a domain controller that is running Windows Server 2003, the replication request can succeed.

Therefore, as a security precaution, ensure that forest functional level is Windows Server 2008 if you plan to configure the RODC filtered attribute set. When the forest functional level is Windows Server 2008, an RODC that is compromised cannot be exploited in this manner because domain controllers that are running Windows Server 2003 are not allowed in the forest.

You cannot add system-critical attributes to the RODC filtered attribute set. An attribute is system-critical if it is required for AD DS; Local Security Authority (LSA); Security Accounts Manager (SAM; and Microsoft-specific Security Service Provider Interfaces (SSPIs), such as Kerberos; to function properly. A system-critical attribute has a schemaFlagsEx attribute value equal to 1 (schemaFlagsEx attribute value & 0x1 = TRUE).

The RODC filtered attribute set is configured on the server that holds the schema operations master role. If you try to add a system-critical attribute to the RODC filtered set while the schema master is running Windows Server 2008, the server returns an "unwillingToPerform" LDAP error. If you try to add a system-critical attribute to the RODC filtered attribute set on a Windows Server 2003 schema master, the operation appears to succeed but the attribute is not actually added. Therefore, it is recommended that the schema master be a Windows Server 2008 domain controller when you add attributes to RODC filtered attribute set. This ensures that system-critical attributes are not included in the RODC filtered attribute set.

Unidirectional replication

Because no changes are written directly to the RODC, no changes originate at the RODC. Accordingly, writable domain controllers that are replication partners do not have to pull changes from the RODC. This means that any changes or corruption that a malicious user might make at branch locations cannot replicate from the RODC to the rest of the forest. This also reduces the workload of bridgehead servers in the hub and the effort required to monitor replication.

RODC unidirectional replication applies to both AD DS and Distributed File System (DFS) Replication of SYSVOL. The RODC performs normal inbound replication for AD DS and SYSVOL changes.

noteNote

Any other shares on an RODC that you configure to replicate using DFS Replication would be bidirectional.

RODCs also perform automatic load balancing of inbound replication connection objects across a set of bridgehead servers in a hub site.

Credential caching

Credential caching is the storage of user or computer credentials. Credentials consist of a small set of approximately 10 passwords that are associated with security principals. By default, an RODC does not store user or computer credentials. The exceptions are the computer account of the RODC and a special krbtgt account that each RODC has. You must explicitly allow any other credential caching on an RODC.

The RODC is advertised as the Key Distribution Center (KDC) for the branch office. The RODC uses a different krbtgt account and password than the KDC on a writable domain controller uses when it signs or encrypts ticket-granting ticket (TGT) requests.

After an account is successfully authenticated, the RODC attempts to contact a writable domain controller at the hub site and requests a copy of the appropriate credentials. The writable domain controller recognizes that the request is coming from an RODC and consults the Password Replication Policy in effect for that RODC.

The Password Replication Policy determines if a user's credentials or a computer's credentials can be replicated from the writable domain controller to the RODC. If the Password Replication Policy allows it, the writable domain controller replicates the credentials to the RODC, and the RODC caches them.

After the credentials are cached on the RODC, the RODC can directly service that user's logon requests until the credentials change. (When a TGT is signed with the krbtgt account of the RODC, the RODC recognizes that it has a cached copy of the credentials. If another domain controller signs the TGT, the RODC forwards requests to a writable domain controller.)

By limiting credential caching only to users who have authenticated to the RODC, the potential exposure of credentials by a compromise of the RODC is also limited. Typically, only a small subset of domain users has credentials cached on any given RODC. Therefore, in the event that the RODC is stolen, only those credentials that are cached can potentially be cracked.

Leaving credential caching disabled might further limit exposure, but it results in all authentication requests being forwarded to a writable domain controller. An administrator can modify the default Password Replication Policy to allow users' credentials to be cached at the RODC.

Administrator role separation

You can delegate local administrative permissions for an RODC to any domain user without granting that user any user rights for the domain or other domain controllers. This permits a local branch user to log on to an RODC and perform maintenance work on the server, such as upgrading a driver. However, the branch user cannot log on to any other domain controller or perform any other administrative task in the domain. In this way, the branch user can be delegated the ability to effectively manage the RODC in the branch office without compromising the security of the rest of the domain.

Read-only DNS

You can install the DNS Server service on an RODC. An RODC is able to replicate all application directory partitions that DNS uses, including ForestDNSZones and DomainDNSZones. If the DNS server is installed on an RODC, clients can query it for name resolution as they query any other DNS server.

However, the DNS server on an RODC is read-only and therefore does not support client updates directly. For more information about how DNS client updates are processed by a DNS server on an RODC,

What settings have been added or changed?

To support the RODC Password Replication Policy, Windows Server 2008 AD DS includes new attributes. The Password Replication Policy is the mechanism for determining whether a user's credentials or a computer's credentials are allowed to replicate from a writable domain controller to an RODC. The Password Replication Policy is always set on a writable domain controller running Windows Server 2008.

AD DS attributes that are added in the Windows Server 2008 Active Directory schema to support RODCs include the following:

* msDS-Reveal-OnDemandGroup

* msDS-NeverRevealGroup

* msDS-RevealedList

* msDS-AuthenticatedToAccountList

For more information about these attributes, see the RODC Planning and Deployment Guide (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=135993).

How should I prepare to deploy this feature?

The prerequisites for deploying an RODC are as follows:

* The RODC must forward authentication requests to a writable domain controller running Windows Server 2008. The Password Replication Policy is set on this domain controller to determine if credentials are replicated to the branch location for a forwarded request from the RODC.

* The domain functional level must be Windows Server 2003 or higher so that Kerberos constrained delegation is available. Constrained delegation is used for security calls that must be impersonated under the context of the caller.

* The forest functional level must be Windows Server 2003 or higher so that linked-value replication is available. This provides a higher level of replication consistency.

* You must run adprep /rodcprep once in the forest to update the permissions on all the DNS application directory partitions in the forest. This way, all RODCs that are also DNS servers can replicate the permissions successfully.
AD DS: Read-Only Domain Controllers

A read-only domain controller (RODC) is a new type of domain controller in the Windows Server® 2008 operating system. With an RODC, organizations can easily deploy a domain controller in locations where physical security cannot be guaranteed. An RODC hosts read-only partitions of the Active Directory® Domain Services (AD DS) database.

Before the release of Windows Server 2008, if users had to authenticate with a domain controller over a wide area network (WAN), there was no real alternative. In many cases, this was not an efficient solution. Branch offices often cannot provide the adequate physical security that is required for a writable domain controller. Furthermore, branch offices often have poor network bandwidth when they are connected to a hub site. This can increase the amount of time that is required to log on. It can also hamper access to network resources.

Beginning with Windows Server 2008, an organization can deploy an RODC to address these problems. As a result, users in this situation can receive the following benefits:

* Improved security

* Faster logon times

* More efficient access to resources on the network

What does an RODC do?

Inadequate physical security is the most common reason to consider deploying an RODC. An RODC provides a way to deploy a domain controller more securely in locations that require fast and reliable authentication services but cannot ensure physical security for a writable domain controller.

However, your organization may also choose to deploy an RODC for special administrative requirements. For example, a line-of-business (LOB) application may run successfully only if it is installed on a domain controller. Or, the domain controller might be the only server in the branch office, and it may have to host server applications.

In such cases, the LOB application owner must often log on to the domain controller interactively or use Terminal Services to configure and manage the application. This situation creates a security risk that may be unacceptable on a writable domain controller.

An RODC provides a more secure mechanism for deploying a domain controller in this scenario. You can grant a nonadministrative domain user the right to log on to an RODC while minimizing the security risk to the Active Directory forest.

You might also deploy an RODC in other scenarios where local storage of all domain user passwords is a primary threat, for example, in an extranet or application-facing role.

Who will be interested in this feature?

RODC is designed primarily to be deployed in remote or branch office environments. Branch offices typically have the following characteristics:

* Relatively few users

* Poor physical security

* Relatively poor network bandwidth to a hub site

* Little knowledge of information technology (IT)

You should review this section, and the additional supporting documentation about RODC, if you are in any of the following groups:

* IT planners and analysts who are technically evaluating the product

* Enterprise IT planners and designers for organizations

* Those responsible for IT security

* AD DS administrators who deal with small branch offices

Are there any special considerations?

To deploy an RODC, at least one writable domain controller in the domain must be running Windows Server 2008. In addition, the functional level for the domain and forest must be Windows Server 2003 or higher.

For more information about prerequisites for deploying an RODC,

What new functionality does this feature provide?

RODC addresses some of the problems that are commonly found in branch offices. These locations might not have a domain controller. Or, they might have a writable domain controller but not the physical security, network bandwidth, or local expertise to support it. The following RODC functionality mitigates these problems:

* Read-only AD DS database

* Unidirectional replication

* Credential caching

* Administrator role separation

* Read-only Domain Name System (DNS)

Read-only AD DS database

Except for account passwords, an RODC holds all the Active Directory objects and attributes that a writable domain controller holds. However, changes cannot be made to the database that is stored on the RODC. Changes must be made on a writable domain controller and then replicated back to the RODC.

Local applications that request Read access to the directory can obtain access. Lightweight Directory Application Protocol (LDAP) applications that request Write access receive an LDAP referral response. This response directs them to a writable domain controller, normally in a hub site.

RODC filtered attribute set

Some applications that use AD DS as a data store might have credential-like data (such as passwords, credentials, or encryption keys) that you do not want to be stored on an RODC in case the RODC is compromised.

For these types of applications, you can dynamically configure a set of attributes in the schema for domain objects that will not replicate to an RODC. This set of attributes is called the RODC filtered attribute set. Attributes that are defined in the RODC filtered attribute set are not allowed to replicate to any RODCs in the forest.

A malicious user who compromises an RODC can attempt to configure it in such a way that it tries to replicate attributes that are defined in the RODC filtered attribute set. If the RODC tries to replicate those attributes from a domain controller that is running Windows Server 2008, the replication request is denied. However, if the RODC tries to replicate those attributes from a domain controller that is running Windows Server 2003, the replication request can succeed.

Therefore, as a security precaution, ensure that forest functional level is Windows Server 2008 if you plan to configure the RODC filtered attribute set. When the forest functional level is Windows Server 2008, an RODC that is compromised cannot be exploited in this manner because domain controllers that are running Windows Server 2003 are not allowed in the forest.

You cannot add system-critical attributes to the RODC filtered attribute set. An attribute is system-critical if it is required for AD DS; Local Security Authority (LSA); Security Accounts Manager (SAM; and Microsoft-specific Security Service Provider Interfaces (SSPIs), such as Kerberos; to function properly. A system-critical attribute has a schemaFlagsEx attribute value equal to 1 (schemaFlagsEx attribute value & 0x1 = TRUE).

The RODC filtered attribute set is configured on the server that holds the schema operations master role. If you try to add a system-critical attribute to the RODC filtered set while the schema master is running Windows Server 2008, the server returns an "unwillingToPerform" LDAP error. If you try to add a system-critical attribute to the RODC filtered attribute set on a Windows Server 2003 schema master, the operation appears to succeed but the attribute is not actually added. Therefore, it is recommended that the schema master be a Windows Server 2008 domain controller when you add attributes to RODC filtered attribute set. This ensures that system-critical attributes are not included in the RODC filtered attribute set.

Unidirectional replication

Because no changes are written directly to the RODC, no changes originate at the RODC. Accordingly, writable domain controllers that are replication partners do not have to pull changes from the RODC. This means that any changes or corruption that a malicious user might make at branch locations cannot replicate from the RODC to the rest of the forest. This also reduces the workload of bridgehead servers in the hub and the effort required to monitor replication.

RODC unidirectional replication applies to both AD DS and Distributed File System (DFS) Replication of SYSVOL. The RODC performs normal inbound replication for AD DS and SYSVOL changes.

noteNote

Any other shares on an RODC that you configure to replicate using DFS Replication would be bidirectional.

RODCs also perform automatic load balancing of inbound replication connection objects across a set of bridgehead servers in a hub site.

Credential caching

Credential caching is the storage of user or computer credentials. Credentials consist of a small set of approximately 10 passwords that are associated with security principals. By default, an RODC does not store user or computer credentials. The exceptions are the computer account of the RODC and a special krbtgt account that each RODC has. You must explicitly allow any other credential caching on an RODC.

The RODC is advertised as the Key Distribution Center (KDC) for the branch office. The RODC uses a different krbtgt account and password than the KDC on a writable domain controller uses when it signs or encrypts ticket-granting ticket (TGT) requests.

After an account is successfully authenticated, the RODC attempts to contact a writable domain controller at the hub site and requests a copy of the appropriate credentials. The writable domain controller recognizes that the request is coming from an RODC and consults the Password Replication Policy in effect for that RODC.

The Password Replication Policy determines if a user's credentials or a computer's credentials can be replicated from the writable domain controller to the RODC. If the Password Replication Policy allows it, the writable domain controller replicates the credentials to the RODC, and the RODC caches them.

After the credentials are cached on the RODC, the RODC can directly service that user's logon requests until the credentials change. (When a TGT is signed with the krbtgt account of the RODC, the RODC recognizes that it has a cached copy of the credentials. If another domain controller signs the TGT, the RODC forwards requests to a writable domain controller.)

By limiting credential caching only to users who have authenticated to the RODC, the potential exposure of credentials by a compromise of the RODC is also limited. Typically, only a small subset of domain users has credentials cached on any given RODC. Therefore, in the event that the RODC is stolen, only those credentials that are cached can potentially be cracked.

Leaving credential caching disabled might further limit exposure, but it results in all authentication requests being forwarded to a writable domain controller. An administrator can modify the default Password Replication Policy to allow users' credentials to be cached at the RODC.

Administrator role separation

You can delegate local administrative permissions for an RODC to any domain user without granting that user any user rights for the domain or other domain controllers. This permits a local branch user to log on to an RODC and perform maintenance work on the server, such as upgrading a driver. However, the branch user cannot log on to any other domain controller or perform any other administrative task in the domain. In this way, the branch user can be delegated the ability to effectively manage the RODC in the branch office without compromising the security of the rest of the domain.

Read-only DNS

You can install the DNS Server service on an RODC. An RODC is able to replicate all application directory partitions that DNS uses, including ForestDNSZones and DomainDNSZones. If the DNS server is installed on an RODC, clients can query it for name resolution as they query any other DNS server.

However, the DNS server on an RODC is read-only and therefore does not support client updates directly. For more information about how DNS client updates are processed by a DNS server on an RODC,

What settings have been added or changed?

To support the RODC Password Replication Policy, Windows Server 2008 AD DS includes new attributes. The Password Replication Policy is the mechanism for determining whether a user's credentials or a computer's credentials are allowed to replicate from a writable domain controller to an RODC. The Password Replication Policy is always set on a writable domain controller running Windows Server 2008.

AD DS attributes that are added in the Windows Server 2008 Active Directory schema to support RODCs include the following:

* msDS-Reveal-OnDemandGroup

* msDS-NeverRevealGroup

* msDS-RevealedList

* msDS-AuthenticatedToAccountList

For more information about these attributes, see the RODC Planning and Deployment Guide (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=135993).

How should I prepare to deploy this feature?

The prerequisites for deploying an RODC are as follows:

* The RODC must forward authentication requests to a writable domain controller running Windows Server 2008. The Password Replication Policy is set on this domain controller to determine if credentials are replicated to the branch location for a forwarded request from the RODC.

* The domain functional level must be Windows Server 2003 or higher so that Kerberos constrained delegation is available. Constrained delegation is used for security calls that must be impersonated under the context of the caller.

* The forest functional level must be Windows Server 2003 or higher so that linked-value replication is available. This provides a higher level of replication consistency.

* You must run adprep /rodcprep once in the forest to update the permissions on all the DNS application directory partitions in the forest. This way, all RODCs that are also DNS servers can replicate the permissions successfully.

Because the DNS server that runs on an RODC cannot directly register client updates, it has to refer the client to a DNS server that hosts a primary or Active Directory-integrated copy of the zone file. This server is sometimes referred to as a "writable DNS server." When a client presents a Find Authoritative Query, which is the precursor to an update request, the DNS server on the RODC uses the domain controller Locator to find domain controllers in the closest site.

The RODC then compares the list of domain controllers that is returned with the list of name server (NS) resource records that it has. The RODC returns to the client the NS resource record of a writable DNS server that the client can use to perform the update. The client can then perform its update.

If no domain controller in the closest site matches an entry in the list of NS records for the zone, the RODC attempts to discover any domain controller in the forest that matches an entry in the list.

Suppose that a new client is introduced to a site that has a DNS server running only on an RODC. In this case, the RODC DNS server tries to replicate the DNS record that the client has tried to update on the writable DNS server. This occurs approximately five minutes after the RODC provides a response to the original Find Authoritative Query.

If the DNS client on the RODC attempts a DNS update, a writable domain controller running Windows Server 2008 is returned so that the RODC can perform the update."