Articles of Confederation

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Canadian Confederation, established in 1867, is crucial because it marked the unification of several British colonies into a single nation, Canada. This event laid the foundation for a strong central government while allowing provinces to maintain their own powers, promoting regional diversity. It also facilitated economic growth, infrastructure development, and the establishment of a distinct Canadian identity. Ultimately, Confederation set the stage for Canada’s evolution into a stable, democratic country.

The Articles of Confederation established a weak central government, granting most sovereignty to the individual states, which limited the federal government's ability to enforce laws or levy taxes. In contrast, the Constitution created a stronger federal government with defined powers, allowing it to maintain authority over states in certain areas, such as taxation and regulation of commerce. This shift aimed to balance state sovereignty with a more effective national governance structure, addressing the weaknesses of the Articles. Ultimately, the Constitution represented a move towards a more unified national framework while still respecting state rights.

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The Articles of Confederation were drafted during the Second Continental Congress, which convened in 1775 amid the American Revolutionary War. A committee led by John Dickinson produced the initial draft in 1776, emphasizing a loose confederation of sovereign states. The document was debated and revised before being ratified by all thirteen states in 1781. The Articles established a weak central government, reflecting the colonies' desire for independence and fear of tyranny, ultimately leading to their replacement by the U.S. Constitution in 1789.

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The articles of Confederation were deemed too weak primarily because they lacked a strong central government, which resulted in difficulties in enforcing laws and collecting taxes. This led to financial instability and an inability to address interstate disputes or provide for national defense. Events like Shays' Rebellion highlighted the weaknesses, demonstrating that the federal government could not maintain order or protect property rights. Ultimately, these shortcomings prompted the call for a stronger framework, culminating in the drafting of the U.S. Constitution.

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The US Constitution established a stronger federal government with the power to tax and regulate interstate commerce, whereas the Articles of Confederation created a weak central government with limited authority. The Constitution introduced a system of checks and balances among three branches of government, while the Articles lacked this separation of powers. Additionally, the Constitution can be amended with broader consensus, requiring approval from both Congress and the states, whereas the Articles required unanimous consent for amendments. Lastly, the Constitution created a national judiciary, while the Articles did not provide for a federal court system.

Under the Articles of Confederation, there was no executive branch, and thus, the president had very limited powers. The position of the president of the Continental Congress primarily served as a ceremonial role with no real authority to enforce laws or govern. Most powers were held by the individual states, and the federal government lacked the ability to levy taxes, regulate commerce, or raise a military, leading to significant challenges in governance.

The Articles of Confederation, established in 1781, ultimately revealed the weaknesses of a loose confederation of states, particularly in areas like taxation and federal authority. These shortcomings led to calls for a stronger central government, culminating in the Constitutional Convention of 1787. The result was the United States Constitution, which created a more robust federal system with checks and balances to address the issues faced under the Articles.

John Dickinson wrote the Articles of Confederation to create a framework for a unified government among the thirteen American colonies while preserving their sovereignty. He aimed to balance the need for collective action, especially in defense and commerce, with the desire to avoid a strong central authority that could resemble British tyranny. The Articles were intended to provide a cooperative structure for the states while respecting their independence and rights.

The Articles of Confederation were written to establish a framework for the newly independent United States, providing a loose alliance of states with a central government that had limited powers. However, the weaknesses of the Articles, such as the lack of a strong central authority to enforce laws and regulate commerce, led to economic turmoil and difficulties in governance. Consequently, the Constitution was drafted to create a more robust federal system with a clear separation of powers, enabling the government to effectively manage national issues and maintain order. Ultimately, the Constitution aimed to balance state and federal interests while ensuring individual rights.

During the Confederation period (1781-1789), relations between the American states and Britain were characterized by tension and unresolved issues stemming from the Revolutionary War. The Treaty of Paris (1783) had formally ended hostilities but left many disputes, particularly regarding boundaries and trade. Britain maintained military presence in the Great Lakes region, and its refusal to abandon forts on American soil fueled resentment. Overall, the relationship was marked by a struggle for sovereignty and economic independence.

Gouverneur Morris was critical of the Articles of Confederation and did not support them. He believed that the Articles provided a weak central government that was ineffective in addressing the challenges facing the nation. Morris advocated for a stronger federal government, which he helped shape during the Constitutional Convention, ultimately leading to the creation of the U.S. Constitution.

The Articles of Confederation granted the national government powers such as conducting foreign affairs, making treaties, declaring war, and managing relationships with Native American tribes. However, these powers were limited, as the government could not levy taxes or regulate interstate commerce, which weakened its effectiveness. The ability to raise revenue and enforce laws were significant powers missing, highlighting the Articles' inadequacies and leading to their eventual replacement by the U.S. Constitution. Overall, while the Articles provided some foundational authority, they lacked the strength needed for effective governance.

Key meetings that led to Canadian Confederation included the Charlottetown Conference in September 1864, where the provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick discussed the idea of uniting. This was followed by the Quebec Conference in October 1864, where the terms of Confederation were outlined. The final decision was made at the London Conference in December 1866, leading to the Confederation of Canada on July 1, 1867.

The authors of the Articles of Confederation created a decentralized government with most power resting in the states due to their experiences under British rule, which they found excessively centralized and tyrannical. They aimed to protect individual liberties and prevent the rise of a strong central authority that could threaten those rights. Additionally, the states were hesitant to cede significant power to a national government, fearing loss of autonomy and local control. This decentralization reflected a strong commitment to republicanism and the principles of self-governance prevalent at the time.

The original Articles of Confederation established a unicameral Congress, which consisted of a single legislative body. Each state had one vote, regardless of its size or population, which emphasized state sovereignty and equality among the states. This structure ultimately proved ineffective for governance, leading to challenges in passing legislation and raising revenue, prompting the need for a stronger federal government and the eventual drafting of the U.S. Constitution.

The total cost for 30 articles at Rs 450 each is Rs 13,500. If one-third (10 articles) are sold at a loss of Rs 6, they are sold for Rs 444 each, totaling Rs 4,440. To achieve a total profit of Rs 1,350 (10% of Rs 13,500), the remaining 20 articles must be sold for a total of Rs 14,850. Therefore, each of the remaining articles needs to be sold for Rs 742.50.

Shays' Rebellion, which occurred in 1786-1787, demonstrated the need to change the Articles of Confederation. This armed uprising, led by farmer Daniel Shays, protested against economic injustices and the lack of governmental support for struggling farmers facing debt and tax burdens. The inability of the federal government to respond effectively to the rebellion highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles, particularly in maintaining order and ensuring stability, ultimately leading to calls for a stronger central government and the drafting of the U.S. Constitution.

The Articles of Confederation were significant as the first governing document of the United States, establishing a framework for national government after independence from Britain. They provided a loose alliance of states and emphasized state sovereignty, which highlighted the challenges of governance under a weak central authority. The limitations of the Articles, particularly in terms of taxation and interstate commerce, ultimately led to their replacement by the U.S. Constitution, shaping the future of American federalism. Their legacy is a crucial lesson in the balance between state and federal power.

The Articles of Confederation had several core problems, primarily its lack of a strong central government. This resulted in the inability to levy taxes, regulate commerce, or enforce laws, leading to economic instability and inefficiency in governance. Additionally, the requirement for unanimous consent to amend the Articles made it nearly impossible to address these issues, ultimately contributing to its replacement by the U.S. Constitution. The weak federal structure also hindered the nation’s ability to respond effectively to internal and external threats.

The U.S. government under the Articles of Confederation can be considered a success because it established a framework for unity among the states and facilitated the negotiation of the Treaty of Paris, which ended the Revolutionary War. It also laid the groundwork for future governance by highlighting the need for a stronger central authority, leading to the Constitutional Convention. Additionally, it allowed for the passage of the Northwest Ordinance, which organized western territories and set a precedent for future statehood.

The Constitution could be considered an illegal document under the Articles of Confederation because it was drafted and ratified without the unanimous consent of the states as required by the Articles. The Articles stipulated that any amendments required the agreement of all thirteen states, yet the Constitution was adopted by only nine states. Additionally, the Constitutional Convention operated outside its mandate to merely amend the Articles, effectively overstepping its authority. This perceived illegitimacy fueled debates about the Constitution's validity at the time.