Charles Darwin

Disruptive selection occurs when the extreme phenotypes in a population are favored over intermediate phenotypes. This can lead to the divergence of a population into two distinct groups with different traits.

Charles and Francis Darwin demonstrated that oat seedlings would bend towards a light source when it was shining on one side of the seedlings. This showed that plants can detect and respond to light direction, a phenomenon known as phototropism.

Clonal selection theory explains how the adaptive immune system selects and amplifies immune cells (such as B cells and T cells) that are specific to antigens. When a pathogen enters the body, immune cells with receptors that match the antigen are selected for activation and proliferation, leading to a targeted immune response. This theory is fundamental to understanding how the immune system responds to infections and develops immunological memory.

The key requirements for evolution to occur are variation in a population, heredity of traits, differential reproductive success based on those traits, and the passage of traits from one generation to the next. This process allows for the accumulation of advantageous traits over time and the adaptation of populations to their environment.

The main principles of evolution according to Charles Darwin and evolutionists include natural selection, which is the process by which organisms best adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce, leading to the gradual change of species over time. Additionally, genetic variation and inheritance play a key role in driving evolutionary change by providing the raw material for natural selection to act upon. The idea that all species share a common ancestry and have evolved from a single common ancestor is another important principle of evolution.

Charles Darwin is best known for his theory of evolution by natural selection, which revolutionized our understanding of the origin and diversity of life on Earth. His work, particularly his book "On the Origin of Species," provided a scientific explanation for the diversity of species and how they adapt to their environment over time. Darwin's contributions laid the foundation for the field of evolutionary biology and have had a profound impact on the study of life sciences.

Charles Darwin used data on artificial selection the least to support his theory of natural selection. While artificial selection played a role in shaping his understanding of how traits can change over generations, he focused primarily on observations of variation in nature and the role of competition and adaptation in driving the process of natural selection.

Charles Darwin is best known for his theory of evolution through natural selection, which revolutionized our understanding of how species evolve over time. His work, including his book "On the Origin of Species," laid the foundation for modern biology and our understanding of the diversity of life on Earth. Darwin's contributions have had a lasting impact on fields such as genetics, anthropology, and ecology.

It is often fallaciously argued that the process of natural selection described by Darwin simply modifies the mean properties of a species and does not produce new species, or that Darwin failed to produce a workable definition of species and uses the term vaguely. Other arguments include the unsubstantiated assertion that the staggering complexity found in life from the macroscopic to the molecular level cannot be the result of mindless natural processes, and the erroneous claim that no (or not enough) transitional fossils have been found.

Charles Darwin observed that the beaks of several finches on the Galapagos Islands were adapted to specific purposes, and that, while they were all finches, they had adapted different characteristics to perform different functions (different feeding for differently shaped beaks). This led him to conclude that organisms can and do change to perform necessary tasks more conveniently. He expounded upon this conclusion, eventually publishing his renowned On the Origin of Species.

Differential selection is just that, differential. Some variation is marginally superior to another variation us fitness difference, so the key is to have variation. Then natural selection will " see " this slight variation and select the better adapted trait against the background of the immediate environment.

The primary evidence supporting evolution comes from a combination of fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryology, molecular biology, and observed genetic changes over time. These pieces of evidence collectively provide a strong foundation for the theory of evolution.

The rise of two species from one species in a continuing process that resembles the branching of a tree or bush. This is called phylogenetic evolution and is the main driver of species arising over time.

Environmental factors don't just contribute - they are the cause of the evolution of a species.

For example, the horse is descended from a dog-sized creature called the Eohippus, which had separate toes instead of hooves, etc.

It's evolution towards the horse came about through an environmental change of some sort. Presumably, the more jungle-like terrain the Eohippus would have thrived in began to thin out, becoming more open plains.

Without trees or bushes to hide in, the Eohippus would have been easier to prey on. The ability to outrun predators would have been favoured by natural selection over the ability to hide from them. As a result, the individual toes gradually became the hooves adapted to running very quickly that we can see today. The small organism would have evolved towards the powerful modern horse.

But without that environmental change, the Eohippus would still be here today.

The theory of evolution by natural selection, which is the cornerstone of biology, is the basis for immunology, evolutionary biology, ecology, biological anthropology, neurology, evolutionary development and a host of other scientific disciplines. The testable hypotheses that evolutionary theory generates reaches as far as astronomy and Lee Smolin's concept about evolving universes.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, a French biologist, proposed the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics and the concept of transformational evolution. These ideas influenced Darwin's thinking on evolution and adaptation. However, Darwin's theory of natural selection ultimately diverged from Lamarck's ideas.

No as survival of the fittest refers to the evoloutionary process of darwin or in hard science, natural selection, in laymans terms only the strongest survive and the weakest dont, bio genesis refers more to the morph aspect of evoloution, where the trees get taller, the leaves get higher and the girraffes, to eat, need to stretch their necks to reach them,in darwins theory it was said that the girrafes evolved with longer neck stems.

Biochemical evidence is one of the most convincing arguments in favour of evolution.

All organisms use the same energy "currency" of ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) during respiration, despite there being no reason for it.

In the protein chains of organisms, the constituent amino acids are the same 20 amino acids which all organisms use.

The DNA code is remarkably similar in organisms. The difference between our genome and that of a chimpanzee is <1%.

Also, the DNA itself is made up of the same four bases - guanine, cytosine, adenosine and thymine (uracil in RNA) - despite this also being unnecessary.

The concept that many more organisms are born than can be supported by the resources of the environment they were born in. Thus the struggle for existence in which the better adapted organisms survive and reproduce in greater numbers than their conspecifics.

One potential limitation of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is the lack of a detailed mechanism explaining how new traits arise and are passed on to future generations. Additionally, the theory has been criticized for mainly focusing on population-level changes and not adequately accounting for genetic drift and other forces that can also drive evolution.

1. Variation: Individuals within a species exhibit differences in traits.
2. Inheritance: Some traits are passed down from parents to offspring.
3. Competition: Resources are limited, leading to a struggle for survival.
4. Survival of the fittest: Individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
5. Natural selection: Over time, favorable traits become more common in a population through the process of natural selection.

1. The carriage bolt is a type of bolt that was previously used in the construction of carriages.

2. The cream bun is a type of pastry very popular in Hong Kong and the Netherlands.

3. Emotional abuse is a type of domestic violence.

4. A skene is a type of theater found in ancient Greece.

5. A human is a type of ape.

The four broad categories of evidence used to support evolution are fossil record, comparative anatomy, molecular biology, and biogeography. Fossil records show transitional forms of species, comparative anatomy reveals similarities in structures across different species, molecular biology demonstrates shared genetic information, and biogeography shows patterns of species distribution.

Variation?!?!

That was an obvious observation of naturalists that opposed Darwin's concepts totally. Unless you mean the heritability that leads to variation?

Explaining that variation was the problem. Creationists of the time explained this by positing god's whimsy in designing his species, but this was shown to be nonsense as natural processes are at work in variation and this can be shown experimentally.

The concept of natural selection explained how that natural variation was selected on beneficial traits. What Darwin did not understand is how that variation was passed on to progeny. His explanation was wrong.