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Computer Networking

Computer networks are collections of computers which are connected together in order to communicate and transfer information. Questions about computer networks, networking protocols, and how to set them up belong here.

18,810 Questions

Which two hazards exist when working with fiber optic cabling?

One hazard that is related to fiber optic installation is that the light can burn the eyes. Another hazard is that glass splinters can penetrate the skin.

Difference costs between LAN and wan?

WAN usually costs more. Especially, there are recurring monthly costs, since you rent the services of an ISP. Note, however, that a LAN and a WAN serve different purposes; you can't simply replace a WAN with a LAN.

Which utility is the first step in diagnosing connectivity problems?

The most basic is "Ping".

The syntax is:
Ping remote host or ip address

i.e. ping www.google.com
or
ping 127.0.0.1

What are examples of a file transfer protocol?

The File Transfer Protocol is a standard network protocol used for the transfer of computer files from a server to a client on a computer network. FTP is built on a client-server model architecture using separate control and data connections between the client and the server

What are network computer systems?

Usually "network computer" refers to a computer whose primary function is to access the network and can't do much else on its own. Sometimes it is a dumb terminal with no processing power of its own, but more often it does have processing capabilities, but still less than a personal or business computer.

Network computers rarely exist outside large corporate networks, where they are generally assigned to very low-level employees with minimal computing needs.

What is the greatest risk to a bus network?

Firstly,bus has no safety at all. And often had an accident. This risk can cause by driver or the circumstances at the road.

The main risk is that there will be a break in the cable connections somewhere, which causes the entire network to go down due to signal bounce.

Do frame encapsulate packet or packet encapsulate frame?

Frames are encapsulating packets. The data link layer makes framing and provide this service to the layer above layer "the network layer".

Half duplex transmission mode?

Half-duplex - is the mode typically used in a walkie-talkie. Units usually broadcast and receive on the same frequency - so one party must wait until the other has finished transmitting before they can reply.

What are other names for the Mac address?

There are a couple other ways to refer to a MAC address. One could use the full name, media access control address, rather than the acronym. A MAC address could also be referred to a UAA, or universally administered address.

What TCPIP model layer is responsible for MAC addressing?

Primarily at layer 1 and 2. The frame adds this information for these layers.

What transport layer protocol does ping use?

Assuming IPv4 ICMP. Ping uses IP for transport. Ping in itself is an "Echo Request", which is a function of the ICMP protocol. The IP Packet will carry the ICMP protocol from end-to-end.

ICMP has a protocol number of 1, so the "Protocol" field in the IPv4 header will contain "1" as a reference to the ICMP payload.

For IPv6, ICMPv6 is used, and the transport will be IPv6.

What are the negative things about fiber optic?

In the fiber optics there are different types of losses; these are the bending loss, absorption loss, dispersion loss, and scattering losses. Bending losses is the loss which exists when an optical fiber undergoes bending, this includes macroscopic and microscopic bending. Absorption loss is the absorption of light energy resulting in dimming of light at the end of the fiber, this includes intrinsic and extrinsic absorption. Dispersion loss is the distortion of the signal as it travels along the fiber optic cable, this includes intermodal and intramodal dispersion. Scattering losses occurs due to microscopic variations in the material density, compositional fluctuations, structural homogeneities and manufacturing defects, this includes linear and non-linear scattering.

Three ways to classify networks are by?

Network architectures are classified according to the way they are controlled and the distance between their nodes.

What are the advantages to dividing networks into subnets?

The advantages are:

  1. Security - packets must be routed between subnets
  2. Performance - packets will stay within their own subnet for the most part
  3. Troubleshooting - it is easier to find a problem in a smaller network than a large one.

In asymmetric encryption Both the sender and receiver have a private key and a shared private key?

No, both sender and receiver have a private key and a public key. It works like this: if you encrypt something with one key, you need the other to decrypt it. You give everyone a copy of your public key. When they want to send you something encrypted, they use your public key to send it. Only your private key can decrypt it, so no one else can read it. You don't give out your private key.

What are the two most important input devices of a computer?

Computer input devices are peripheral devices that provide data and control signals to the computer. The keyboard and mouse are the most important input devices.

How many bits class A networks are reserved for private address space?

in Class A addresses the first bit identifies the class. The next 7 bits identify the network and the rest are the IP's that belong to that network. However these networks are then broken down using subnets . Class A networks are not given to private clients or small private organisations. So if you want to know how many bits are there for identifying hosts in a Class A network, the answer is 32-8 = 24 bits. However if you mean how many bits are reserved for hosts in your private network space, that depends on your subnet and router. Most routers use NAT to allow multiple hosts to use a single external IP address. I hope this answers your question :)

What pieces of information are contained in a routing table entry?

The metric value of the route

The address of the logical destination network

The type of learning method involved

What is faster broadband or T3 lines?

Broadband does not have a set speed and 3 meg is a measurement of Internet speed. Broadband has a huge range in speed depending on your location and Internet Service Provider or ISP. If you are in a cabled network area it can be say 100meg or 10meg. If you get the broadband service down your phone line it can be 24meg 20 meg 8meg. The actual speed will vary from the advertised speed depending on whether you like far away from the exchange or not. It can even be as low as 0.1 meg or any other speed all the way up to 24meg. To see the speed in your area try putting your land line number into a broadband line check website, one of these can usually be found by searching "broadband line check" on Google.

What is APIPA IP address?



APIPA, also known as Automatic Private IP Addressing, is a feature used in Windows operating systems. It comes into action only when DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) servers are available. When the DHCP client first comes on, it will try to establish a connection with the DHCP server in order to get an IP address. It is when this server is (or at a later point becomes) unavailable, that APIPA will kick in.

As the client is unable to connect with the server, APIPA will automatically try to configure itself with an IP address from an specially reserved range. (This reserved IP address range goes from 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255).

After an IP address is obtained using APIPA, the client will then verify that their IP address is a unique one on the LAN. This is done utilizing ARP. According to Microsoft guidelines, APIPA will also check regularly to see whether the DHCP servers are available. If at any point it does become available, then the APIPA service will discontinue itself de-allocating the IP address it has obtained, and allow the DHCP server to allocate a dynamic IP address.

When APIPA takes over and your client has been assigned an IP address, the client will be able to communicate with other computers also on that LAN which have also been configured by APIPA, or failing that, which have been assigned a static IP address in the range mentioned earlier (so and IP address like 169.254.x.x, where ".x.x" are the identifiers unique to that particular computer).

However, if you are connected to the internet without a NAT, or even a proxy server, or you use routers, you might want to turn the APIPA feature off. For more information on this you can go to straight to the source at Microsoft's Help and Support pages on "How to use automatic TCP/IP addressing without a DHCP server" at this address http://support.microsoft.com/kb/q220874/

All the information you need to on how to turn APIPA off, is contained here.

In essence the APIPA service is a fail-safe device put in place by Microsoft to make sure that everything runs smoothly. There is nothing that you need to do about it as it all happens in the background, and at speeds and times of which you are unaware of. In fact, by the time you detect that your DHCP server is unavailable, and you try to rectify the matter, APIPA would have already taken the proper steps necessary to keep your client running smoothly.

Does every computer have a different ip address?

No, an IP address is given to each internet provider, not each computer. For example, there could be five computers hooked up to the same network in which case they'd all have the same IP address.