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Computer Networking
Computer networks are collections of computers which are connected together in order to communicate and transfer information. Questions about computer networks, networking protocols, and how to set them up belong here.
18,810 Questions
A fully qualified domain name (FQDN), sometimes also referred as an absolute domain name, is a domain name that specifies its exact location in the tree hierarchy of the Domain Name System (DNS). It specifies all domain levels, including the top-level domain and the root domain. A fully qualified domain name is distinguished by its unambiguity; it can only be interpreted one way.
The TCP/IP model is a description framework for computer network protocols created in the 1970s by DARPA. TCP/IP provides end-to-end connectivity specifying how data should be formatted, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination. Protocols exist for a variety of different types of communication services between computers.
TCP/IP has four abstraction layers
1.Application Layer (process-to-process): This is the scope within which applications create user data and communicate this data to other processes or applications on another or the same host. The communications partners are often called peers. This is where the "higher level" protocols such as SMTP, FTP, SSH, HTTP, etc. operate.
2.Transport Layer (host-to-host): The Transport Layer constitutes the networking regime between two network hosts, either on the local network or on remote networks separated by routers. The Transport Layer provides a uniform networking interface that hides the actual topology (layout) of the underlying network connections. This is where flow-control, error-correction, and connection protocols exist, such as TCP. This layer deals with opening and maintaining connections between Internet hosts.
3.Internet Layer (internetworking): The Internet Layer has the task of exchanging datagrams across network boundaries. It is therefore also referred to as the layer that establishes internetworking, indeed, it defines and establishes the Internet. This layer defines the addressing and routing structures used for the TCP/IP protocol suite. The primary protocol in this scope is the Internet Protocol, which defines IP addresses. Its function in routing is to transport datagrams to the next IP router that has the connectivity to a network closer to the final data destination.
4.Link Layer: This layer defines the networking methods within the scope of the local network link on which hosts communicate without intervening routers. This layer describes the protocols used to describe the local network topology and the interfaces needed to affect transmission of Internet Layer datagrams to next-neighbor hosts. (cf. the OSI Data Link Layer).
In a Cisco IOS device where is the startup-configuration file stored?
NVRAM Stores startup-config.
The IOS (Internetwork Operating System) is stored in the flash.
Both flash and NVRAM are non volatile storages but there is a major difference.
In the field of mathematics: a mathematician
In the field of philosophy and fallacies: a logician
In the field of computers: an electronics engineer
ATM use virtual circuit packet switching?
ATM use cell switching. it use a 52 by long packet where 48 byte is data and 4 byte is header.
yes
What is the advantage of networking?
The benefits of networking computers and other devices include lower costs and increased productivity. With networks, resources can be shared, which results in less duplication and corruption of data. Fewer Peripherals Needed
Figure 1 shows that many devices can be connected on a network. Each computer on the network does not need to have its own printer, scanner, or backup device. Multiple printers can be set up in a central location and shared among the network users. All network users send print jobs to a central print server that manages the print requests. The print server can distribute print jobs over multiple printers, or queue jobs that require a specific printer. Increased Communication Capabilities
Networks provide several different collaboration tools that can be used to communicate between network users. Online collaboration tools include e-mail, forums and chats, voice and video, and instant messaging. With these tools, users can communicate with friends, family, and colleagues. Avoid File Duplication and Corruption
A server manages network resources. Servers store data and share it with users on a network. Confidential or sensitive data can be protected and shared with the users who have permission to access that data. Document tracking software can be used to prevent users from overwriting files, or changing files that others are accessing at the same time. Lower Cost Licensing
Application licensing can be expensive for individual computers. Many software vendors offer site licenses for networks, which can dramatically reduce the cost of software. The site license allows a group of people or an entire organization to use the application for a single fee. Centralized Administration
Centralized administration reduces the number of people needed to manage the devices and data on the network, reducing time and cost to the company. Individual network users do not need to manage their own data and devices. One administrator can control the data, devices, and permissions of users on the network. Backing up data is easier because the data is stored in a central location. Conserve Resources
Data processing can be distributed across many computers to prevent one computer from becoming overloaded with processing tasks.
When terminating UTP cabling why is it important to untwist only a small amount of each wire pair?
In order to minimize crosstalk and prevent electromagnetic interference (EMI).
A router is a layer 3 device.In general, a Layer-3 switch (routing switch) is primarily a switch (a Layer-2 device) that has been enhanced or taught some routing (Layer 3) capabilities. A router is a Layer-3 device that simply do routing only. In the case of a switching router, it is primarily a router that may use switching technology (high-speed ASICs) for speed and performance (as well as also supporting Layer-2 bridging functions).
As illustration, here are some examples
Layer-2 switches
Cisco: Catalyst 2950, 2960 series
Layer-3 switches or routing switches
Cisco: Catalyst 3550, 3560, 3750, 4500, 6500 series
Juniper: EX series
Routers (with some bridging and/or security features) or switching routers
Cisco: 1800, 1900, 2600, 2800, 2900, 3700, 3800, 3900, 7200, 7600, ASR 1000 series
Juniper: MX series, J series, M series
How does networking improve the usefulness of computers?
Supporters of technology say that it solves problems and makes life better. Opponents argue that technology creates new problems that may threaten or damage the quality of life. There are several viewpoints on the implications of technological change and advancement and such schools of thought which considerably vary have their respective validity. Technological change has its advantages and disadvantages. For one, it is true that it partly solves problems and makes life better. At the same time, technological changes may likely create new problems thereby threatening or damaging quality of life. In the developing economies, for instance, technological advantages have both its merits and demerits. The introduction and seeming acceptability and usefulness of computers have somehow helped increase the efficiency of several firms. It is not only in the industrial sector that technological change proven to be very effective. In the agricultural sector, for example, the introduction of new technologies in increasing production has been very effective in expanding agricultural produce. These are just a few examples to illustrate the advantages of technological advancement. On the other hand, countries should be more careful on their choice of technology since it must be noted that while certain types of technology are adaptable to developed economies the same type of technology may not fit the environment of developing countries due to differing economic, social, cultural, and political factors. For example, infrastructure improvements such as a construction of irrigation dam in the mountain of the Philippines where several natives reside may likely be resisted by the population due to cultural factors. They may prefer not to have such improvements in view of traditional values. Another example is the pollution impact of some technological improvements particularly in the industrial sectors. The choice and adaptability of new technology should therefore be carefully studied. The short, medium, and long term impact of such technology is very important particularly for developing economies. The benefits should always be greater than the costs. I am inclined to support both positions because both views have their own validity. However, I am more convinced that technological advancement is really beneficial to countries so long as they are aware of the disadvantages of such technology. In my own points of view, I support technology can solve problems and makes life better. Computer helps human solves thousands of problems, especially, science. A lot of calculation was so complex. It is impossible count them from normal method. It should use a very fast computer in order to compute it. Super conductor, one of the hot technology topic. A lot of scientists study this kind of stuff. It is a very important stuff. That is wonderful. We can easily solve the big problem, "energy". It can pass through the energy without losing. Finally, I support technology. Because it is more benefit.
Introduction computer networks and communications?
The purpose of a computer communications network is to allow
moving information from one point to another inside the network. The
information could be stored on a device, such as a personal computer in the
network, it could be generated live outside the network, such as speech, or
could be generated by a process on another piece of information, such as
automatic sales transactions at the end of a business day. The device does not necessarily have to be a computer; it could be a hard disk, a camera or even a printer on the network. Due to a large variety of information to be moved, and due to the fact that each type of information has its own conditions for intelligibility, the computer network has evolved into a highly complex system. Specialized knowledge from many areas of science and engineering goes into the design of networks. It is practically impossible for a single area of science or engineering to be entirely responsible for the design of all the components. Therefore, a study of computer networks branches into many areas as we go up from fundamentals to the advanced levels. Advancements in communication of speech have long been matured
in the form of public switched telephone network (PSTN). However, design
of store-and-forward type of networks, such as the Internet, is far from
matured - perhaps due to proliferation of the ways in which such networks are
used. The integration of the two types of networks is the culmination of
telecommunications technology. It is not futuristic to imagine
telecommunications networks meeting the needs of live traffic (e.g., phone
calls) as well as store-and-forward data (e.g., email) traffic according to the
desired quality of service.
In this chapter, we look at a computer network as a whole, from both
an application point of view and a design point of view. In fact, the design and
application influence each other so much that a study of the fundamentals is
practically impossible by leaving either one out
Name some GPO settings in the computer and user parts?
Group Policy Object (GPO) computer=Computer Configuration, User=User ConfigurationName some GPO settings in the computer and user parts
What are the types of network interface card?
Gigabit Ethernet interface Controller interface Serial interface Multilink Group interface MFR (Multilink Frame Relay bundle interface) Dialer interface Loopback interface Tunnel interface ATM interface
The layer lies between the network layer and the application layer?
There are three layers in between the network layer & application layer on the basis of ISO-OSI refference they are given below
1:Transmition layer
2:Session layer
3:Presentation layer
People who service Routers, Switches, and any other networking device. they monitor the activity of there network and make sure it functions correctly.
When a server has one IP address dedicated to itself then we call this IP address a dedicated IP. It is registered to one particular organization.
What is the purpose of issuing the command switch-port mode access on a switch interface?
force the port to be a part of a single vlan
DFS = Dating For Sport
Lots of FWB (friends with benefits), no commitments,where winning means you've scored in the bedroom.
rfc is request for comment . it is used for discussion and development of new protocol and technique for use on the internet.
Summary: A subnet mask is a way of telling your computer or router what network addresses it can consider local and which are remote.mcsgul@yahoo.com
What two advantages does cidr provide to a network?
The advantages of CIDR over the classful IP addressing are: # CIDR can be used to effectively manage the available IP address space. # CIDR can reduce the number of routing table entries. # CIDR can be used to effectively manage the available IP address space. # CIDR can reduce the number of routing table entries.
Differentiante between cross cabling and straight cabling?
Straight Cable is used to connect a device to a different type of devices
Eg:
PC to a Switch
PC to a Hub
Switch to a Router E.t.c.
Cross Cable is used to connect a device to a similar type of devices
Eg:
PC to PC
Switch to Switch E.t.c.
