Confederate States of America

yes

The Confederacy's first incident of using land mines came in early 1862. The cavalry of Union General Gabriel were leading his army on a road between the James and York Rivers in Virginia. The cavalry horses set off a series of Confederate land mines designed by Gabriel Rains. The explosions were devastating. Panic prevailed and casualties were high. The mines were a design based on the ones of Samuel Colt that he created and abandoned long before the war. The Northern newspapers expressed outrage of the barbaric tactics of these weapons. Even Confederate General James Longstreet was outraged and banned their use. This created a controversy in the South and Rains appealed to Jefferson Davis to help him with the policy of Longstreet.

Davis assigned the matter over to the Secretary of War, George Randolph, who was Thomas Jefferson's grandson. After due consideration the landmine policy was issued. It called the use of the mines only for the purpose of protecting Southern parapets to repel an assault or in a road to help prevent Union troops from pursuing a retreating Confederate army. It would not be allowed, as in the case of General Gabriel incident, to plant mines merely to destroy life and without other design than that of causing the death or wounding of a small number of soldiers.

The South was able to procure war material in exchange for cotton through several means, including running blockade runners to the Port of Nassau in the Bahamas and St. George in Bermuda where warehouses were erected for such purposes by Southern and British private businessmen. In addition Texas cotton was taken through Mexico through the port of Matamoros at the mouth of the Rio Grande. The Confederacy also maintained agents in London and Liverpool to directly purchase war material and ships. at least 25 blockade runners and 2 armored cruisers (the most notable being the CSS Alabama) were procured in this manner. Warships could not be fitted out with weaponry in England and so were sailed to the Azores where they were armed with cannon. At the beginning of the conflict Southern Agents were also able to purchase war material from Belgium, France and Austria-Hungary which could be easily shipped to Southern ports before the Union blockade was firmly established. Payment was facilitated by British, Dutch and French banks which had already acted as "factors" for the cotton trade since the time of the American Revolution. As a follow-up of the question: Did the cotton production cease after the war? No. Cotton is still grown in the South and in states in the "Sun belt" that extends through Texas and Arizona. Cotton requires a long season of warm weather that is only available in these southern states. Besides the "sunbelt" cotton is still commericially viable in South Carolina, central Georgia, Alabama and especially the Mississippi delta from Memphis to New Orleans, all bastions of the "Old South"

Fort Sumter in April of 1861, refused to surrender to Confederate forces. As a result of this, Rebel artillery fired the first shots at the fort on April 12, 1861. The Confederate General PT Beauregard was commanded to begin the bombardment of Fort Sumter by Confederate President Jefferson Davis.

Both Britain and France were already indirectly supporting the Confederate cause by freely supplying arms, materials and even ship building.... as they both were also selling same to the Union to the first and highest bidders. Many of the European countries found this to be a profitable enterprise making money off our regional conflict.

The overhead issue was more so of official political recognition of the Confederate States as an independent sovereign nation, which it claimed to be. The US Federal government lobbied aggressively against this because they referred to the Confederacy as an internal rebellion or insurrection of states within the Union and refused to recognize the Confederate government as an independent entity of any sorts. Europe, then, would be supporting an insurrection inside of another country or that of another sovereign nation.

Several European countries including these two pondered that question. Most were just sitting idle awaiting the outcome or some assurance that the Confederacy would become a nation. One of the primary reasons for the Confederate offensive actions in 1862 and 1863 that if successful would show they could.

The Federal government also placed a great deal of political pressure on these European governments not to do so.. The Trent Affair was about as close as it could get to gain Britain's attention when the US seized and held a British flagged ship in its blockade of the southern ports. Britain didn't like that too much and even went as far as sending Canadian and British troops to the Northern US border... The US now possibly causing a war with Britain and being invaded via Canada, released the British vessel. Otherwise most of Europe decided not to formally decline to assist the Confederacy, they just sat quietly idle to wait it out; in no hurry to give consent to a formal political recognition of the Confederacy.

Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was the only president of the Confederate States of America. He was elected for one six year term in 1861.

1. The Mississippi River

About £38,632 ($60,000).

there was lots of gold and welthand because of tobbaco hi

Union

Conflict within the Confederacy arose from various factors, including differing views on states' rights versus central authority, economic disparities between agrarian and industrial regions, and disputes over military strategy and leadership. Additionally, issues related to the treatment of enslaved people and the question of whether to enlist them in the war effort created internal divisions. Political factions, such as those supporting President Jefferson Davis versus those favoring state governors, further exacerbated tensions. These conflicts ultimately weakened the Confederate war effort and contributed to its downfall.

Richmond, Virginia

1861

Original answer: eight -- South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, North Carolina and Virginia. Virginia was split in two and West Virginia was then formed.

Correct answer:

It is actually 11 they are:

South Carolina - December 20, 1860
Mississippi - January 9, 1861
Florida - January 10, 1861
Alabama - January 11, 1861
Georgia - January 19, 1861
Louisiana - January 26, 1861
Texas - February 1, 1861
Virginia - April 17, 1861*
Arkansas - May 6, 1861*
North Carolina - May 20, 1861*
Tennessee - June 8, 1861*

* These four states seceded after Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861).

The majority of "Confederate" bills on the market today are replicas. Many were made during the 1920s and given away as an advertising promotion while others were sold at Civil War-site gift shops. They're replicas, not counterfeits, because they were never intended to deceive but many are such good copies that they're difficult to tell from the real thing.

There's a list of the most common replicas at the Related Link.

The Confederate Constitution, adopted in 1861, established a government for the Confederate States of America, emphasizing states' rights and sovereignty. It mirrored the U.S. Constitution but included provisions that explicitly protected the institution of slavery and prohibited tariffs and internal improvements. Additionally, it restricted the central government's power, reflecting the Confederacy's foundational belief in limited federal authority. Overall, it aimed to create a union of states focused on preserving slavery and promoting agrarian interests.

Reconstruction is often viewed as a failure due to several factors, including widespread resistance from Southern whites who sought to maintain white supremacy through violence and intimidation, exemplified by groups like the Ku Klux Klan. Economic challenges, including the lack of land reform and the persistence of sharecropping, prevented significant improvements in the lives of newly freed African Americans. Additionally, waning political will in the North, particularly after the contested election of 1876, led to the withdrawal of federal troops and support, effectively abandoning the goals of Reconstruction and allowing Southern states to enact discriminatory laws, known as Jim Crow laws.

Seven states declared their secession before Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861: # South Carolina (December 20, 1860) # Mississippi (January 9, 1861) # Florida (January 10, 1861) # Alabama (January 11, 1861) # Georgia (January 19, 1861) # Louisiana (January 26, 1861) # Texas (February 1, 1861) After the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, and Lincoln's subsequent call for troops on April 15, four more states declared their secession: # Virginia (April 17, 1861; ratified by voters May 23, 1861) # Arkansas (May 6, 1861) # Tennessee (May 7, 1861; ratified by voters June 8, 1861) # North Carolina (May 20, 1861)

South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas formed the Confederate States of America in February 1861.