Creation

Lack of enough free oxygen in the atmosphere and oceans. The ability for cells to utilise oxygen was the breakthrough for eukaryotes. Before this time there wasn't enough free oxygen, but this period was the start of an accelerated diversification for single celled organisms.

Three basic components of today's theory of evolution are genetic variation within a population, natural selection acting on this variation, and the inheritance of traits that confer a survival or reproductive advantage.

Of course the Bible first proposed young earth creationism on account of their being a fairly strict chronology given in scripture. The descendants of Adam along with the number of years separating the patriarchs and a apporoximate time for the kings of Judah, includes a rough estimate of when the earth was created and when the Great Flood occurred. It was beginning in the mid-nineteenth century when various British theologians considered the possibility that the Bible should not be taken too literally and that the geology and science contradicted the scriptural record. The travels and subsequent ideas of Charles Darwin convinced many they were on the right track. (Of course, some only believed in an ancient earth after Darwin's book was published.) Ironically it was mostly clergymen on both sides of the Atlantic that promoted the idea of the earth being many millions of years old. It is also ironic that almost 100 years before scientific dating, Charles Lyell, came out with his classic geology text that amazingly and accurately (!) already accounted for the many millions of years separating our currently accepted geological eras. Modern belief in a young earth arose in the late 1950s and 60s with the classic apology for young earth creatiionism, The Genesis Flood, by Henry Morris and John Whitcomb. Here was a text of over 500 pages that invoked selective scientific evidence for a young earth, in many cases from the writings and abstracts of evolutionists themselves. For some, the history of our earth and universe seemed to make sense for the first time and the inerrant accuracy of scripture was once again restored. The impact of The Genesis Flood cannot be underestimated as it exposed a soft underbelly of evolutionism many had never considered before. Perhaps it was from this point onward that a real threat to established scientific convention began to emerge and many scientists began classifying creationism as pseudoscience while believers readily saw evolutionism as a religion on its own called scientific naturalism. The Intelligent Design movement is not necessarily a young earth creationist movement but rather a movement emerging from the university environment that tried to uncouple creationism with the Bible and its largely Baptist roots.

Creationism was "created" in the 20th century to give a 'scientific' justification to the Christian religious belief that God created everything. There are several problems with Creationnism.

- It is generally not supported by scientific facts.

- It too often focuses on the unknown or or unexplained gaps in the theory of evolution claiming those "unknowns" are evidence for God's existence. Roughly, it is a "evolution cannot disprove God, so they are wrong, therefore God exists" argument.

The primary source of evidence proposed by scientists to support the theory of an ancient Earth is radiometric dating of rocks and fossils. By measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes within these materials, scientists can estimate their ages and establish a timeline for Earth's history that stretches back billions of years.

There are no holes in evolution. Evolution is a scientific theory -- which is the strongest and most certain classification - it means that it's been proven and withstood countless years of challenges. A scientific theory is not like a casual theory, it's not a guess, it's not hypothesis. A scientific theory is a model that explains observed phenomena. A scientific theory must make predictions that can be tested and all those predictions and every test must have been successfully verified.

A scientific theory also has to have a method by which it can be disproved (like finding a human fossil in the pre-cambrian).

Some people claim that evolution has holes because there are "missing links", but it's unlikely that scientists will find the fossils of absolutely each and every species which has ever existed. Paleontologists have found far more than enough fossils in precisely the predicted "order" to validate the theory. Each time a new fossil-species is found, then two new "gaps" are created to each side.

Some people claim that there are no transitional fossils. Technically, every species is transitional. Paleontologists have found thousands of different species which are "between" other known species.

Scientists have even predicted where and "when" other expected transitional species should be found, and that has provided researchers with Tiktaalik.

If any defects were found with evolution, the model would lose it's "theory" status. There are countless people with vested interests in overturning evolution, but to date, none have come up with a single provable or verifiable or testable challege. And they'd absolutely win centuries of fame and the Nobel prize.

By and large, evolution does not really affect people since it takes very many generations for even a minor evolutionary change to occur.

The most obvious exception is the evolution of viruses and bacteria. Because these micro-organisms have such short lives, many generations occur in less than one year. So, micro-organisms can sometimes evolve - or mutate - into something rather different to last year. For example, we may have built up immunity to last year's influenza strain, but find we have no immunity to this year's strain. Similarly, it the avian flu was able evolve in such a way that it could survive and even proliferate in humans, jumping species from birds to humans.

The four stages of evolution are mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. Mutation introduces new genetic variation, natural selection acts on that variation to favor traits that increase an organism's fitness, genetic drift refers to random changes in gene frequencies within a population, and gene flow is the transfer of genetic material between different populations.

Creationism, as a belief, a philosophy and a mindset, would be defined as an abstract noun; creationism as an event or a process would be a concrete noun.

Nouns have no opposites; you cannot get "negative-creation" in the same way as you can get 1 and -1.

Two species evolving alongside one another, each one adapting according to selection pressures from the other one; a good example of coevolution is between a parasite and host species, and between predator and prey. If a prey species develops a way to better escape a predator species, that predator species, in response, will have to develop a better way to capture the prey.

Evolutionists study and accept the scientific theory of evolution, which explains how organisms change over time through natural selection and genetic variation. They believe that all living organisms share a common ancestor and that evolution is driven by processes such as mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift. Evolutionists view the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and molecular evidence as supporting evolution as the best explanation for the diversity of life on Earth.

Evolution involves the process of change in living organisms over time, resulting in genetic variations that lead to adaptation to their environment. This process occurs through mechanisms such as natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow, leading to the formation of new species and biodiversity.

Cain was the first to be born on earth according to scripture. Adam and Eve were organised from the dust of the earth. That Eve was made from a rib of Adam is only symbolic of their relationship, that they will stand side by side in all things.

Meiosis aids in evolution by introducing genetic variation through processes like crossing over and independent assortment, which lead to the production of genetically diverse offspring. This genetic diversity provides the raw material for natural selection to act upon, allowing for the adaptation of populations to changing environments over time.

1) The glaring lack of transitional fossils has been noted by the evolutionists themselves, such as this statement from the famous paleontologist and evolutionist George G. Simpson; quote: "The regular lack of transitional fossils is not confined to primates alone, but is an almost universal phenomenon."
"The lack of transitional series cannot be explained as being due to the scarcity of material. The deficiencies are real; they will never be filled" (Nilsson, N. Heribert).
"To the unprejudiced, the fossil record of plants is in favor of special creation" (Corner, E.J.H., Contemporary Botanical Thought).
2) Instances of falsifying of evidence by evolutionists, such as Haeckel's drawings, Archaeoraptor, the Cardiff "specimen," and Piltdown Man.
"Haeckel exaggerated the similarities [between embryos of different species] by idealizations and omissions, in a procedure that can only be called fraudulent. His drawings never fooled embryologists, who recognized his fudgings right from the start. The drawings, despite their noted inaccuracies, entered into the standard student textbooks of biology. Once ensconced in textbooks, misinformation becomes cocooned and effectively permanent, because textbooks copy from previous texts. We do, I think, have the right to be both astonished and ashamed by the century of mindless recycling that has led to the persistence of these drawings in a large number, if not a majority, of modern textbooks (Stephen Gould).
Dr. Jonathan Wells published a book in 2002 entitled Icons of Evolution. Dr. Wells states that the book shows that "the best-known 'evidences' for Darwin's theory have been exaggerated, distorted or even faked."
3) Creationists see the "survival of the fittest" and the dating of rock layers by fossils as being perfect tautologies.
4) The fact that some qualified, educated, normal scientists do not believe in evolution. Or at least question it, even if they still preach evolution: "Nine-tenths of the talk of evolutionists is sheer nonsense, not founded on observation and wholly unsupported by facts. This museum is full of proofs of the utter falsity of their views. In all this great museum, there is not a particle of evidence of the transmutation of species" (Dr. Etheridge, Paleontologist of the British Museum).
"To postulate that the development and survival of the fittest is entirely a consequence of chance mutations seems to me a hypothesis based on no evidence and irreconcilable with the facts. It amazes me that this is swallowed so uncritically and readily, and for such a long time, by so many scientists without murmur of protest" (Sir Ernest Chain, Nobel Prize winner).
5) The fact that there is a shared, worldwide tradition among every ancient society that the world was created.
6) Evolving of new species has not been witnessed during known history.
7) Mutations are harmful, not beneficial. One of the tasks of DNA and of long-term breeding is to avoid or repair any changes brought about by mutations. This means that our genetic apparatus is programmed to resist change.
8) Mutations, even if beneficial, do not create new organs.
9) The fact that a great number of fossils have been found in the "wrong" rock-layers according to what evolutionary paleontology would require.
10) The fact that you need DNA to make DNA. No genetic code can be demonstrated to have arisen by chance, together with the ability to read that code and carry out its instructions. Information does not arise spontaneously; and there is an incredible amount of information in even the tiniest cell.
"A living cell is so awesomely complex that its interdependent components stagger the imagination and defy evolutionary explanations" (Michael Denton, author).
"The astounding structural complexity of a cell" (U.S. National Library of Medicine).
Concerning a single structure within a cell: "Without the motor protein, the microtubules don't slide and the cilium simply stands rigid. Without nexin, the tubules will slide against each other until they completely move past each other and the cilium disintegrates. Without the tubulin, there are no microtubules and no motion. The cilium is irreducibly complex. Like a mousetrap, it has all the properties of design and none of the properties of natural selection" (Michael Behe, prof. of biophysics).
11) The problem of the impossibility of abiogenesis in general. "The concept of abiogenesis is not science. It's fantasy" (J.L. Wile, Ph.D.).
12) The fact that evolution was once used as support for the belief that Blacks (or others) are less than highly-evolved humans. "Darwin was also convinced that the Europeans were evolutionarily more advanced than the black races" (Steven Rose, author). He also "reasoned that males are more evolutionarily advanced than females" (B. Kevics, author).
13. The first and second laws of thermodynamics point clearly to a Creator, since things undergo entropy rather than get more orderly over time.
14. "Radiometric techniques may not be the absolute dating methods that they are claimed to be. Age-estimates on a given geological stratum by different radiometric methods are often very different. There is no absolutely reliable long-term radiological clock. The uncertainties inherent in radiometric dating are disturbing to geologists and evolutionists." William D. Stansfield, Ph.D., Instructor of Biology, California Polytechnic State University.
15. "Even total rock systems may be open during metamorphism and may have their isotopic systems changed, making it impossible to determine their geologic age." Prof. Gunter Faure (Department of Geology, The Ohio State University, Columbus.)
16 a). At current rates of erosion the amount of sea-floor sediments actually found do not support a "billions of years" age for the Earth.
b) The amount of Sodium Chloride in the sea, also, is a small fraction of what the "old Earth" theory would postulate.
c) The Earth's magnetic field is decaying too fast to extrapolate a long age for the Earth.
d) The rate of accumulation of Moon-dust has been measured; and the amount of dust on the Moon was found to be vastly less than what scientists had predicted before the Moon-landings.
e) Helium is generated by radioactive elements as they decay. The escape of this helium into the atmosphere can be measured. According to the Evolutionary age of the Earth there should be much more helium in the atmosphere, instead of the 0.05% that is actually there.

Responsive evolution occurs when two or more species evolve in response to each other's presence to increase their chances of survival. An example of this is the co-evolution between flowers and pollinators, where flowers evolve to attract specific pollinators, and the pollinators evolve to efficiently collect nectar from these flowers. This mutual adaptation benefits both species and enhances their respective survival and reproduction.

Like evolutionism, creationism has its presuppositions. The first and most determinative is that almighty God created the universe and everything in it in the beginning. Followers of Young-earth creationism hold that this was done roughly 6000 years ago. Old-earth creationists hold that the long ages of the evolutionary time-scale can be accommodated into the Bible record in Genesis. They thus take the accounts non-literally.

Young-earth creationists hold that science does not conflict with their position. They thus point to and use the same data as do other scientists but interpret it differently. Astronomer Russell Humphreys points out that there is actually, when all the evidence is considered, much more evidence for a young than an old earth. Thus a central idea in creationism is the matter of the age of the earth, with criticism of old-age views a significant part of their activity, but by no means the only one.

Old-earth creationists do not have any conflict over the age of the earth, although they hold that God created all things.

In creation God created the heavens and the earth. Some people believe in evolution but think about it. Do you believe earth was made because of random disorders or because something bigger than us with power created it?

Probably in tidal pools.