Database Programming

This helps bankers to keep information in order. They can use it to put all of their customers information in one place to access easily.

Helps to control "A" items

Inventory need not be monitored continually

Useful when a large number of items is ordered from the same supplier

Consolidated shipments lower freight costs

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One advantage was there were only the merchant and the rural worker in the partnership. This allowed their relationship to be simpler and share a common goal: to make profit and increase capital. There were also no regulations which allowed the workers and merchants change procedures as they saw fit. But a disadvantage of this was it discouraged the development of new methods

Before data can be entered into a database, the storage structure needs to be defined. As a minimum, a database would need at least one table.

is a program that allows you to create and managedatabases. Adatabase is a place where you can store information related to a specific topic. How you intend to use the information will determine whether you need an Access database or a different program to create and manage your data

Databases are independent of the applications that use the data.

Relation is one record in the database or a tuple.

Relationship is that how tables are connected to each other.

2 layers but up to 20 layers are expected in the near future

A file is a record. A record is comprised of a bunch of fields. Files are the subject of some thing. For example, if you are on a mailing list, it has your name, address.

A database contains files - think of a file cabinet.

mass structure, frame structure and shell structure

A disadvantage to piece rate is that employees in a factory for example may rush their work in order to receive more pay. As a consequence of this, quality of production will decrease.

In mathematics, the cardinality of a set is a measure of the "number of elements of the set". For example, the set A = {2, 4, 6} contains 3 elements, and therefore A has a cardinality of 3. There are two approaches to cardinality - one which compares sets directly using bijections and injections, and another which uses cardinal numbers.

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The difference is that partial dependency is when a database's attribute is only partially dependent on the primary key. Fully functional dependency is when the attribute is entirely dependent on the key.

Food items reach the people very late owing to corrupt and inefficient officials. As

such, the people are deprived of the benefits of the PDS.

 The food grains get spoiled because of bad weather conditions and improper

monitoring.

 Quality of the goods sold at ration shops is bad. This makes the poor people to

directly depend on the market.

 Malpractices like illegally diverting the food grains to markets for profit.

 Ration shopkeepers do not open their shops on timely basis. As such, people do not

get a timely supply of food grains. The poor quality food grains sometimes do not get sold, which creates a problem

for the FCI.

 Introducing ration cards and fixing three different prices on a single item creates

complications.

Every transaction is recorded in a database log. In case of failure the entire log is processed. This will take too much time.To reduce time overhead a concept called checkpoint is introduced.Checkpoints is also known as save points.Only all transactions after the last failure are recorded in the log.The rest are transfered to a stable storage.This way in case of another failure, processing will be done only from the previous 'chekpoint'

The earliest computers were literally hardwired using logic gates that determined combinations of on/off values over various wires to determine the program. Even once programming moved from hardware to software, binary codes remained the basis of all programming languages.

Delete statement deletes only the data from the table but you can apply some condition and only part of the data can be deleted. Truncate empties entire table.

Drop deletes the table itself.

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Use of primary keys

less data redundancy

compatible with inconsistencies associated with database anomalies

select, project, and join

Granularity refers to the level of detail of the data stored fact tables in a data warehouse. High granularity refers to data that is at or near the transaction level. Data that is at the transaction level is usually referred to as atomic level data. Low granularity refers to data that is summarized or aggregated, usually from the atomic level data. Summarized data can be lightly summarized as in daily or weekly summaries or highly summarized data such as yearly averages and totals.

well all three are more or less the same. eg. register or record books. contain simple tables prone to inconsistency, redundancy.

rdbms(Relational dbms) contains table with relations.

eg all the employees of the accounts dept. are part of the employees table of the entire organisation. hence, any changes to either should be reflected in both the tables.

this reduces redundancy, inconsistency