Database Programming

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Discuss the systems concepts in Production System

1. OBJECTIVE
   System Concept Development begins when the Concept Proposal has been formally approved and requires study and analysis that may lead to system development activities.
   The review and approval of the Concept Proposal begins the formal studies and analysis of the need in the System Concept Development Phase and begins the life cycle of an identifiable project.
   
   TASKS AND ACTIVITIES
   The following activities are performed as part of the System Concept Development Phase.
   
   PHASE ONE
   1. Study and Analyze the Business Need
   The project team, supplemented by enterprise architecture or other technical experts, if needed, should analyze all feasible technical, business process, and commercial alternatives to meeting the business need. These alternatives should then be analyzed from a life cycle cost perspective. The results of these studies should show a range of feasible alternatives based on life cycle cost, technical capability, and scheduled availability. Typically, these studies should narrow the system technical approaches to only a few potential, desirable solutions that should proceed into the subsequent life cycle phases.
   
   2. Plan the Project
   The project team should develop high-level (baseline) schedule, cost, and performance measures which are summarized in the System Boundary Document. These high-level estimates are further refined in subsequent phases.
   
   3. Form the Project Acquisition Strategy
   The acquisition strategy should be included in the SBD. The project team should determine the strategies to be used during the remainder of the project concurrently with the development of the CBA and Feasibility Study. Will the work be accomplished with available staff or do contractors need to be hired? Discuss available and projected technologies, such as reuse or Commercial Off-the-Shelf and potential contract types.
   
   4. Study and Analyze the Risks
   Identify any programmatic or technical risks. The risks associated with further development should also be studied. The results of these assessments should be summarized in the SBD and documented in the Risk Management Plan and CBA.
   
   5. Obtain Project Funding, Staff and Resources
   Estimate, justify, submit requests for, and obtain resources to execute the project in the format of the Capital Asset Plan and Justification,
   
   6. Document the Phase Efforts
   The results of the phase efforts are documented in the System Boundary Document, Cost Benefit Analysis, Feasibility Study, and Risk Management Plan.
   
   7. Review and Approval to Proceed
   The results of the phase efforts are presented to project stakeholders and decision makers together with a recommendation to (1) proceed into the next life-cycle phase, (2) continue additional conceptual phase activities, or (3) terminate the project. The emphasis of the review should be on (1) the successful accomplishment of the phase objectives, (2) the plans for the next life-cycle phase, and (3) the risks associated with moving into the next life-cycle phase. The review also addresses the availability of resources to execute the subsequent life-cycle phases. The results of the review should be documented reflecting the decision on the recommended action.
   
   PHASE TWO
   ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
   Sponsor. The sponsor should provide direction and sufficient study resources to commence the System Concept Development Phase.
   Project Manager. The appointed project manager is charged with leading the efforts to accomplish the System Concept Development Phase tasks discussed above. The Project Manager is also responsible for reviewing the deliverables for accuracy, approving deliverables and providing status reports to management.
   Component Chief Information Officer (CIO) and Executive Review Board (ERB). The CIO/ERB approve the Systems Boundary Document. Approval allows the project to enter the Planning Phase.
   
   PHASE THREE
   DELIVERABLES
   The following deliverables shall be initiated during the System Concept Development Phase:
   
   1. System Boundary Document - Identifies the scope of a system (or capability). It should contain the high level requirements, benefits, business assumptions, and program costs and schedules. It records management decisions on the envisioned system early in its development and provides guidance on its achievement. Appendix C-2 provides a template for the Systems Boundary Document.
   
   2. Cost-Benefit Analysis - Provides cost or benefit information for analyzing and evaluating alternative solutions to a problem and for making decisions about initiating, as well as continuing, the development of information technology systems. The analysis should clearly indicate the cost to conform to the architectural standards in the Technical Reference Model (TRM). Appendix C-3 provides a template for the Cost-Benefit Analysis.
   
   3. Feasibility Study - Provides an overview of a business requirement or opportunity and determines if feasible solutions exist before full life-cycle resources are committed. Appendix C-4 provides a template for the Feasibility Study.
   
   4. Risk Management Plan - Identifies project risks and specifies the plans to reduce or mitigate the risks. Appendix C-5 provides a template for the Risk Management Plan.
   
   PHASE FOUR
   ISSUES FOR CONSIDERATION
   After the SBD is approved and a recommendation is accepted by the program and/or executive management, the system project planning begins. A number of project continuation and project approach decisions are taken by the Project Manager.
   
   1. ADP Position Sensitivity Analysis
   All projects must ensure that all personnel are cleared to the appropriate level before performing work on sensitive systems. Automated Data Processing (ADP) position designation analysis applies to all DOJ personnel, including contract support personnel who are nominated to fill an ADP position. ADP positions are those that require access to DOJ ADP systems or require work on management, design, development, operation, or maintenance of DOJ automated information systems. The sensitivity analysis should be conducted only to determine an individual's eligibility or continued eligibility for access to DOJ ADP systems or to unclassified sensitive information. Such an analysis is not to be construed as the sole determination of eligibility.
   
   2. Identification of Sensitive Systems
   Public Law 100-235, the Computer security Act of 1987, requires Federal agencies to identify systems that contain sensitive information. In general, a sensitive system is a computer system that processes, stores, or transmits sensitive-but-unclassified (SBU) data. SBU data are any information that the loss, misuse, or unauthorized access to, or modification of, could adversely affect the national interest, the conduct of DOJ programs, or the privacy to which individuals are entitled under the Privacy Act. Guidelines for the identification of sensitive systems can be found with the DOJ IMSS. These procedures will help determine the type of sensitivity level to the data that will be processed, stored, and transmitted by the new or changed system.
   
   3. Project Continuation Decisions
   The feasibility study and CBA confirm that the defined information management concept is significant enough to warrant an IT project with life-cycle management activities.
   The feasibility study should confirm that the information management need or opportunity is beyond the capabilities of existing systems and that developing a new system is a promising approach.
   The CBA confirms that the projected benefits of the proposed approach justify the projected resources required. The funding, personnel, and other resources shall be made available to proceed with the Planning Phase.
   
   PHASE REVIEW ACTIVITY
   The System Concept Development Review shall by performed at the end of this phase. The review ensures that the goals and objectives of the system are identified and that the feasibility of the system is established. Products of the System Concept Development Phase are reviewed including the budget, risk, and user requirements. This review is organized, planned, and led by the Program Manager and/or representative.

Client:-

* GUI/Presentation logic
* Query specification
* Data Analysis
* Report formatting
* Data access

Application/Data Mart Server:-

* Summarizing
* Filtering
* Meta Data
* Multidimensional view
* Data access

Data Warehouse Server:-

* Data logic
* Data services
* Meta data
* File services

data base administrator is the person who control the data in the organisation its main function to control the information of the particular enterprise

1.3 Functions of a DBMS

The functions performed by a typical DBMS are the following:

· Data Definition

The DBMS provides functions to define the structure of the data in the

application. These include defining and modifying the record structure, the

type and size of fields and the various constraints/conditions to be satisfied by

the data in each field.

· Data Manipulation

Once the data structure is defined, data needs to be inserted, modified or

deleted. The functions which perform these operations are also part of the

DBMS. These function can handle planned and unplanned data manipulation

needs. Planned queries are those which form part of the application.

Unplanned queries are ad-hoc queries which are performed on a need basis.

· Data Security & Integrity

The DBMS contains functions which handle the security and integrity of data

in the application. These can be easily invoked by the application and hence

the application programmer need not code these functions in his/her

programs.

· Data Recovery & Concurrency

Recovery of data after a system failure and concurrent access of records by

multiple users are also handled by the DBMS.

· Data Dictionary Maintenance

Maintaining the Data Dictionary which contains the data definition of the

application is also one of the functions of a DBMS.

· Performance

Optimizing the performance of the queries is one of the important functions of

a DBMS. Hence the DBMS has a set of programs forming the Query Optimizer

which evaluates the different implementations of a query and chooses the

best among them.

Thus the DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient and efficient to use

when there is a large volume of data and many transactions to be processed.

ODBC

ODBC stands for Open Data Base Connectivity, which is a connection method to data sources.

When connecting a tool or application to a database, a data source, also called a Database Source Name (DSN), using an SQL driver or other driver if connecting to other database type, needs to be set up. Then, the application is connected to the database using this DSN.

OLEDB

OLEDB stands for Object Linking and Embedding Database. It is an application programming interface designed by Microsoft for accessing different types of data stores in a uniform manner.

It is a newer and improved successor to ODBC.

OLEDB is the successor to ODBC, a set of software components that allow a "front end interface" such as a graphical user interface (GUI) based on VB, C++, Access, and others to connect with a back end such as SQL Server, Oracle, DB2, mySQL, etc.

OLEDB components in many cases offer improved performance over the older ODBC.