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Database Programming
Databases are collections of tables that maintain and display information, often collaboratively; this information can be used for interaction with an application or gaining general knowledge. Questions about database engines and modifying or using them belong in this category.
8,803 Questions
True or false all states have the same laws?
False. The Tenth Amendment gives states' governments the right to control some of their own laws. For example, Massachusetts and Connecticut are the two states that currently allow gay marriage.
How can a Foreign Key and a Primary Key interact with each other?
In some database systems, A Foreign Key that is set on one column (the child column ) has to point to another column (the parent column ) that is indexed. The parent column could be a primary key, since a primary key creates an index. Primary keys also keep values in the parent column unique, which can ensure unique records in the parent column's table; having a unique key on the child column can further enforce unique data that links with the unique records in the parent column .
Explain the purpose and scope of database security?
The purpose of database is to protect unauthorized accessing of data and misuses by hackers and unauthorized personals. So here the database security comes into the picture.
Database security denotes the system, processes, and procedures that protect a database from unintended activity. Security is usually enforced through access control, auditing, and encryption. * Access control ensures and restricts who can connect and what can be done to the database. * Auditing logs what action or change has been performed, when and by whom. * Encryption: Since security has become a major issue in recent years, many commercial database vendors provide built-in encryption mechanisms. Data is encoded natively into the tables and deciphered "on the fly" when a query comes in. Connections can also be secured and encrypted if required using DSA, MD5, SSL or legacy encryption standard. Enforcing security is one of the major tasks of the DBA. In the United Kingdom, legislation protecting the public from unauthorized disclosure of personal information held on databases falls under the Office of the Information Commissioner. United Kingdom based organizations holding personal data in electronic format (databases for example) are required to register with the Data Commissioner.[2]
Explain the Short note sql relationship?
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Outline at least 4 methods of controlling access?
- Role-based access control (RBAC): Assigns roles to users and defines what actions each role is allowed to perform.
- Access control lists (ACLs): Lists of permissions attached to an object that specify which users or system processes are granted access.
- Biometric access control: Uses physical characteristics such as fingerprints or facial recognition to authenticate individuals.
- Two-factor authentication (2FA): Requires users to provide two forms of identification before granting access, such as a password and a unique code sent to their phone.
Explain entity relationship model with suitable example?
An entity relationship model is a visual representation of the relationships between entities in a database. For example, in a university database, you could have entities such as "Student," "Course," and "Instructor," with relationships like "Student enrolls in Course" and "Instructor teaches Course." These relationships are represented by lines connecting the entities in a diagram, showing how they are connected and interact with each other.
What is Relational integrity rules?
Relational integrity rules ensure that relationships between tables in a database remain consistent and accurate. There are two main types: entity integrity (ensuring each entry in a table is unique and not null) and referential integrity (maintaining relationships between tables by enforcing constraints such as foreign key constraints). These rules help maintain the integrity and reliability of the data in a relational database.
Can a primary key be a foreign key?
Yes, a primary key can also be a foreign key. This is known as a composite key, where one or more columns in a table are both primary keys for that table and also act as foreign keys linking to another table.
A juridical entity refers to an organization or entity that has legal standing under the law to enter into contracts, sue, and be sued. This includes entities such as corporations, partnerships, and government bodies that can hold assets and liabilities independently from their owners or members. They have rights and responsibilities similar to those of an individual.
Which data management language component enabled the DBA to define the schema components?
Data definition language (DDL) component enables database administrators (DBAs) to define the schema components, including tables, indexes, views, and constraints within a database. With DDL, users can create, modify, and delete the structure of the database to ensure data integrity and organization.
A social attribute is a specific characteristic of something like a person or object in relation to society. For something like alternative energy, these attributes could include boosting life factors and technology innovation.
Are questionnaires and surveys the same?
A questionaire is a type of survey, but not all surveys are questionaires
The questionnaire might be a component of the overall survey. For example, a survey might include everything from the initial design, pilot study, randomization & selection, data collection and final analysis. The questionnaire would be the data collection component of that overall process.
Explain normalization with examples?
Normalization is the process of designing a data model to efficiently store data in a database. The end result is that redundant data is eliminated, and only data related to the attribute is stored within the table.
For example, let's say we store City, State and ZipCode data for Customers in the same table as Other Customer data. With this approach, we keep repeating the City, State and ZipCode data for all Customers in the same area. Instead of storing the same data again and again, we could normalize the data and create a related table called City. The "City" table could then store City, State and ZipCode along with IDs that relate back to the Customer table, and we can eliminate those three columns from the Customer table and add the new ID column.
Normalization rules have been broken down into several forms. People often refer to the third normal form (3NF) when talking about database design. This is what most database designers try to achieve: In the conceptual stages, data is segmented and normalized as much as possible, but for practical purposes those segments are changed during the evolution of the data model. Various normal forms may be introduced for different parts of the data model to handle the unique situations you may face.
Whether you have heard about normalization or not, your database most likely follows some of the rules, unless all of your data is stored in one giant table. We will take a look at the first three normal forms and the rules for determining the different forms here.
Rules for First Normal Form (1NF)
Eliminate repeating groups. This table contains repeating groups of data in the Software column.
Computer Software
1 Word
2 Access, Word, Excel
3 Word, Excel
To follow the First Normal Form, we store one type of software for each record.
Computer Software
1 Word
2 Access
2 Word
3 Excel
3 Word
3 Excel
Rules for second Normal Form (2NF)
Eliminate redundant data plus 1NF. This table contains the name of the software which is redundant data.
Computer Software
1 Word
2 Access
2 Word
3 Excel
3 Word
3 Excel
To eliminate the redundant storage of data, we create two tables. The first table stores a reference SoftwareID to our new table that has a unique list of software titles.
Computer SoftwareID
1 1
2 2
2 1
3 3
3 1
3 3
SoftwareID Software
1 Word
2 Access
3 Excel
Rules for Third Normal Form (3NF)
Eliminate columns not dependent on key plus 1NF and 2NF. In this table, we have data that contains both data about the computer and the user.
Computer User Name User Hire Date Purchased
1 Joe 4/1/2000 5/1/2003
2 Mike 9/5/2003 6/15/2004
To eliminate columns not dependent on the key, we would create the following tables. Now the data stored in the computer table is only related to the computer, and the data stored in the user table is only related to the user.
Computer Purchased
1 5/1/2003
2 6/15/2004
User User Name User Hire Date
1 Joe 5/1/2003
2 Mike 6/15/2004
Computer User
1 1
2 1
What does normalization have to do with SQL Server?
To be honest, the answer here is nothing. SQL Server, like any other RDBMS, couldn't care less whether your data model follows any of the normal forms. You could create one table and store all of your data in one table or you can create a lot of little, unrelated tables to store your data. SQL Server will support whatever you decide to do. The only limiting factor you might face is the maximum number of columns SQL Server supports for a table.
SQL Server does not force or enforce any rules that require you to create a database in any of the normal forms. You are able to mix and match any of the rules you need, but it is a good idea to try to normalize your database as much as possible when you are designing it. People tend to spend a lot of time up front creating a normalized data model, but as soon as new columns or tables need to be added, they forget about the initial effort that was devoted to creating a nice clean model.
To assist in the design of your data model, you can use the DaVinci tools that are part of SQL Server Enterprise Manager.
Advantages of normalization
1. Smaller database: By eliminating duplicate data, you will be able to reduce the overall size of the database.
2. Better performance:
a. Narrow tables: Having more fine-tuned tables allows your tables to have less columns and allows you to fit more records per data page.
b. Fewer indexes per table mean faster maintenance tasks such as index rebuilds.
c. Only join tables that you need.
Disadvantages of normalization
1. More tables to join: By spreading out your data into more tables, you increase the need to join tables.
2. Tables contain codes instead of real data: Repeated data is stored as codes rather than meaningful data. Therefore, there is always a need to go to the lookup table for the value.
3. Data model is difficult to query against: The data model is optimized for applications, not for ad hoc querying.
Ask yourself how it would affect you and what can you handle. Would you rather be with people you are similar to or would you rather enlighten yourself by sticking it out there a bit? but of course, is that which you want to learn actually worth learning or is it only curiosity? question yourself. I prefer to know people from different cultures and share in it. I also like knowledge whether I seek it or people teach me by simply talking about something they are interested in. I'm always 'all ears!' Searching for answers to questions that cross almost everyone's lips. Keeping up with world issues and trying to fight for what I can and letting go of the things I can't control. I'm out-going, fun-loving, open to other's opinions, love to learn new things (sounds like an ad for a mate, but trust me, I'm a young 65 with a great husband.) I love to debate, yet enjoy laughing and I'm considered by others to be witty. If things get too serious in my life I'll joke about it. I refuse to shrink from ANYONE because they are bullies and stand my ground! I detest gossip and if someone I know upsets me I'll make an effort even to go to their home and confront them and iron out the kinks in their colon so our friendship can progress. However, I do enjoy people similar to myself as well, and I keep family and friends very close to me and never forget them while I journey through life thriving on knowledge. I believe life is quite simple and it's society that makes a mess of things. We are all brothers and sisters no matter the color of our skin. I refuse to bow down to racism because it breeds ignorance and fear. I have learned through my years to keep my enemies close and to get to know them. Faith has a lot to do with the character of a person and I am a Christian, but honor those that have no religion or another type of religion. I don't cross over their line and they don't cross over mine because nothing will shake my faith in what I believe. I believe people must learn peace and to stand up for what is right no matter how much power the enemy has. From many years of difficulties in my own life (health issues as well) and losses of family and friends (at too early an age) I have learned much from this and do not fear death. It's humbled me and I've learned to express my feelings to those I care about and I do it as often as possible. I'm a hugger to friends and tell those especially close to me that I love them. I'll fight for those I love to the bitter end and not always when it's just convenient for me. Do I sound perfect? Not by a long shot. If you cross me I'm like a wounded grizzly, but have learned to walk off my temper so I can talk to the person in a calm manner (sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn't.) I've made a myriad of mistakes and will continue to make more, but I learn from them. Sometimes my mind runs quickers that I can say the words and sometimes people may misunderstand what I am saying so I have to try and curb that bad habit. To the above poster I've had 65 years to question myself (still do) and that's a trait we all have or we'd know everything now wouldn't we? How boring that would be!
A developer of a relational database refers to a field as a?
In a relational database
- A field is called a column.
- A record is called a row (of multiple columns).
- A file is called a table (of multiple rows).
What are the advantages of storing relational data into xml?
XML is becoming the defacto method for transferring data between applications and systems. The main advantages to creating a data backup or extract using XML are 1) because the data fiends are enclosed in tags, it is self-documenting; 2) data validation rules can be included with the files and 3) there is no export/import issues between applications.
A relational hazard refers to potential challenges or risks that arise in relationships between individuals, such as misunderstandings, conflicts, or power imbalances. These hazards can impact the quality and stability of relationships, leading to problems in communication, trust, and mutual understanding. Effective communication and conflict resolution skills can help mitigate relational hazards and build stronger relationships.
Why is it better to use a relational database instead of a flat file database?
Relational database has many advantages over the flat file database:
1. Avoids data duplication.
2. Avoids inconsistent records.
3. Easier to change data.
4. Easier to change data format.
5. Data can be added and removed easily.
6. Easier to maintain security.
Relational stress refers to tension, conflicts, or difficulties that arise within relationships with others, such as with family members, friends, or colleagues. It can be caused by communication problems, differences in values or beliefs, misunderstandings, or unmet expectations. Relational stress can negatively impact mental and emotional well-being if not addressed.
What is the meaning of Relational Listening?
Relational listening focuses on truly understanding and connecting with the speaker on a personal level, rather than just hearing the words they say. It involves being present, empathetic, and actively engaged in the conversation to build stronger relationships and deeper connections.
What are the benefits of using a Relational Database?
Relational databases offer structured data storage, data integrity through constraints like foreign keys, efficient querying using SQL, and support for complex data relationships through normalization.
A relational schema is a structure that represents the logical view or design of a database. It defines how the data is organized and the relationships between different entities or tables. It typically includes the names of the tables, their attributes or columns, and the constraints that define the relationships between them.
Relational listening is a communication technique that focuses on building trust and understanding in relationships. It involves actively listening to the other person, demonstrating empathy, and seeking to understand their perspective. By practicing relational listening, individuals can foster stronger connections and improve communication in personal and professional relationships.
What is relational and substantive?
Relational refers to how ideas or concepts are connected or related to each other. Substantive refers to the essential elements or content of something. In a relational context, the focus is on the connections between different pieces of information, while in a substantive context, the focus is on the core content or substance of the topic.
What is index sequential and relative files?
Index sequential files store records in sequential order and use an index to quickly locate specific records. Relative files store records based on their physical position in the file, allowing for direct access to records using their relative position within the file.
