Database Programming

Operational data in a database management system (DBMS) refers to the information that is currently being used for day-to-day transactional processes within an organization. This data is essential for the ongoing operations of the business and is typically updated frequently to reflect recent activities. It is distinct from analytical data, which is used for deeper analysis and decision-making processes.

Labeling PII and/or PHI as "Controlled Unclassified Information" AND Transporting PII/PHI physically between approved locations with prior authorizations AND Storing PII/PHI after formal approval for transfer to a storage site are all required for special handling of privacy and sensitive data.

The information can be text, sound, images, or data.

It is generally considered more difficult to achieve logical data independence compared to physical data independence. Logical data independence involves separating the conceptual structure of the data from the physical storage aspects, which can be complex depending on the database design. Physical data independence primarily deals with shielding the application from changes in the storage structure, which is usually more straightforward to achieve.

A material safety data sheet for a hazardous chemical should be found in or near the workplace where that material is uses, and should be provided by the manufacturer, importer, or distributor to the next level in the supply chain.

logical data independence

1)the ablity to modify the conceptual scheme without causing application program to be rewritten.

2)usually done when logical structure of database is altered.

The logical data

independence is the key side of database management system for

maintaining data integrity and for maintain overall effectiveness of

data usage. Logical data nouns is an important part of three schema

architecture which allows the change or modification of conceptual

schema short disturbing the external schema. The modifications in

conceptual schema may include alteration of entities, attributes,

relationships etc. Changing any of these elements will not disturb the

external application programs which is a key advantage of logical

information independence feature of database management systems.

The FROM clause names the table that contains the data to be retrieved in a SELECT statement.

A system review committee can provide an unbiased assessment of system processes and performance, identify potential areas for improvement, and recommend solutions to enhance overall efficiency and effectiveness. Additionally, it can help prioritize system enhancements based on organizational goals and resources.

An attribute is a characteristic or feature of an object or entity. It helps to describe or define the object by providing specific information about it. Examples of attributes include color, size, shape, and weight.

Data reduction in data mining refers to the process of reducing the volume of data under consideration. This can involve techniques such as feature selection, dimensionality reduction, or sampling to simplify the dataset and make it more manageable for analysis. By reducing the data, analysts can focus on the most relevant information and improve the efficiency of their data mining process.

A database management system (DBMS) is a software package with computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and use of a database. It allows organizations to conveniently develop databases for various applications. A database is an integrated collection of data records, files, and other objects. A DBMS allows different user application programs to concurrently access the same database. DBMSs may use a variety of database models, such as the relational model or object model, to conveniently describe and support applications. It typically supports query languages, which are in fact high-level programming languages, dedicated database languages that considerably simplify writing database application programs. Database languages also simplify the database organization as well as retrieving and presenting information from it. A DBMS provides facilities for controlling data access, enforcing data integrity, managing concurrency control, and recovering the database after failures and restoring it from backup files, as well as maintaining database security.

the following questions should be answered:

are we interested in a specific population?

how large should the sample of the population be?

who will gather the data?

how long will it take?

A data dictionary serves as a central repository that defines, describes, and organizes data elements and their relationships within a database. It helps ensure data consistency, clarity, and accuracy by providing a standardized reference for data definitions, metadata, and data lineage. Additionally, a data dictionary aids in facilitating communication among stakeholders, promoting data governance, and supporting data analysis and decision-making processes.

Short terms related to data mining include:

1. ML (Machine Learning): The use of algorithms to learn from and make predictions on data.
2. EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis): Analyzing and visualizing data to understand patterns and relationships.
3. Clustering: Grouping similar data points together based on certain criteria.
4. Regression: Predicting a continuous outcome based on input variables.

Since the data is scattered in various files and files may be in different formats, writting new application program to retrieve the appropriate data is difficult in file system thus the data is isolated... Hope u got it... Nitin(Kotdwara)

Strictly speaking, no information is stored in a database, data is. There is a difference. Data is things like names, addresses, dates of birth etc. Information is what you can get from that data. So if you have a list of dates of birth, it does not specifically say who is the oldest person. By looking through the data, you can find that information. You could get a total of how many people have their birthday in a particular month. The data will not say something like "There are 7 people who were born in the month of February." All that is there is the list of actual dates of birth. You can derive that information from the database. Data is stored in different forms, such as plain text, numbers, dates, times, logical data

The part of a database table that holds information about one item or subject is called a "row" or a "record." Each row represents a single instance of data that corresponds to the attributes defined by the columns of the table.

A descriptive attribute is a characteristic or feature that describes an object, entity, or phenomenon. It provides additional information to help distinguish and define the qualities of the subject being described.

Importing data into a database refers to the process of transferring data from an external source, such as a file or another database, into a database system. This allows users to store, organize, and manipulate the data within the database for various purposes, such as analysis, reporting, or application development.

An organized collection of related information is called a database. It is a structured set of data that is stored and managed in a way that allows for efficient retrieval and manipulation of information.

Data warehousing is adopting modern approaches such as cloud-based solutions, big data technologies, and machine learning for advanced analytics. Organizations are also shifting towards a more agile and scalable data architecture to handle the growing volumes of data. Moreover, there is an increasing focus on real-time data processing and integration to support faster decision-making.

Storing the same data in more than one place is known as data replication. This practice is often employed to improve data availability, reliability, and performance in distributed systems by ensuring redundancy and minimizing the risk of data loss in case of failures. However, it can also introduce complexity in data synchronization and consistency.

The scope of a Database Management System (DBMS) includes storing, managing, and retrieving data efficiently. It also involves providing data security, integrity, and concurrency control mechanisms. Additionally, a DBMS supports data modeling, querying, and reporting functionalities.