Earth Sciences

When a mineral breaks along its plane or planes, it is known as cleavage. Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to break along smooth, flat surfaces determined by its crystal structure. Different minerals exhibit different types of cleavage based on the arrangement of atoms within their crystal lattice.

About 71% of Earth's surface is covered by water, with the majority of it being in the form of saltwater in the oceans. Only around 2.5% of the Earth's water is freshwater, and the majority of that is frozen in glaciers and ice caps.

The circumference of the Earth measured between the North and South poles is approximately 40,007.86 kilometers.

The Cambrian Era saw the arrival of species that had skeletons or at least carapaces.

Prior to this, there were indeed soft-bodied animals such as worms and jellyfish, but these type of tissue do not preserve well, and in addition they are very prone to scavenging by bacteria and so on.

I'm not sure there are really many (or any) pros, most of what could be considered a pro, such as saving endangered species was a problem caused by Man to begin with with deforestation or introduction of foreign animal invaders to ecosystems. Some day we may bring back extinct animals (or plants, but unlikely) and then we'd be truly benefiting the Earth. If some day we're able to keep large asteroids or comets from hitting Earth and destroying it that would be a major "pro" but so far we don't have that technology either. I guess one "pro" could be that we humans can make deserts bloom and actually alter the terrain and reforest areas destroyed by fires, volcanoes or human caused deforestation, but at the same we often cause desertification and deforestation too. The amount of deforestation going on in the tropical regions where there's a diversity of life not seen anywhere else is one of the worst travesties caused by Man; animals and plant species that will go extinct or become endangered that we may not even know of. Some of these animals and plants may have even contributed to new medicines or technology. One "pro" humans often unintentionally do is the sinking of ships creating artificial reefs that harbor life. Also, some nuclear power plants along the East coast and Florida create warm bays and estuaries for manatees. Maybe some day we'll make the Moon or Mars bloom but I seriously doubt it, or if we do it'll be small scale "greenhouses" and so expensive and unlikely to succeed we'd eventually give up.

The supergiant elliptical galaxy NGC4889 is believed to hold the most massive black hole directly observed, at 21 billion solar masses, although it may be as high as 37 billion solar masses. Other candidates include the Phoenix Cluster's one at 20 billion, and the OJ287 object at around 18 billion. (The size can be calculated from the mass as it is in direct proportion to it.)

Life on Earth is sustainable due to the presence of a variety of ecosystems that support different forms of life, a stable climate that provides necessary resources like water and sunlight, the cycling of nutrients within the environment, and the adaptability of organisms to changing conditions through evolution. Additionally, the interconnectedness of all living organisms contributes to the overall balance and sustainability of life on Earth.

Waves break when it reaches the shore. This is sometimes caused by rocks or reefs in the water before the water reaches the shore. The gravity of the moon also pushes and pulls the tides, which may also cause the breaking in the waves.

Most of Earth's water (about 97%) is saltwater found in oceans, which is not suitable for drinking or irrigation without desalination. The remaining freshwater is mostly locked in glaciers, ice caps, and underground aquifers, making it inaccessible for immediate human use. Factors like pollution, contamination, and uneven distribution also contribute to the scarcity of usable water.

Ocean trenches form at subduction zones where one lithospheric plate is being forced down into the mantle below another. As such the shallowest earthquakes occur in close proximity to the trench and as you move further past the trench above the overlying plate, the subducting slab is at greater depth so the earthquake foci will occur at progressively greater depth with increased distance.

When the heat source is removed from a fluid, convection currents in the fluid will eventually slow down and dissipate as the fluid cools. The fluid will then return to a more quiescent state with less movement and mixing.

Approximately 25% of the earth is dry land.

During the creation of the planets, gravitational forces pulled the heavier planets towards the center. The lighter gas filled planets by default established further orbits. It is thought that heat caused the inner planets to lose their gas composition.

because their is gold in it and it could grow larger

Gravity, which keeps us grounded and affects our balance and movement; Friction, which provides resistance when walking or driving; and Air resistance, which affects our speed and energy expenditure when moving through the air.

The Inner Core of the Earth is Solid and reaches up to 5000 degrees celcius and is full of Solid Iron and Nickel while the Outer Core of th Earth is Molten and is 4000 degrees celcius and is full of Molten Iron and Nickel

By Thomas Watling 16

The terrestrial part of the earth is called the lithosphere, which includes the Earth's outermost layer of solid rock.

Land and sea breezes are caused by the differential heating of land and water. During the day, land heats up faster than water, creating lower pressure over the land. Air moves from high pressure (sea) to low pressure (land), causing the sea breeze. At night, the land cools down faster than water, creating higher pressure over land, leading to the land breeze as air moves from the land to the sea.

Tsunamis are natural disasters that are closely related to earth science. They are typically triggered by underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides, and involve the movement of huge volumes of water across the ocean. Understanding the processes that lead to tsunamis, such as plate tectonics and seismology, is a key aspect of earth science research and helps in predicting and mitigating the impacts of these events.

Builders typically work during the day when there is natural light to assist in construction tasks and when suppliers and other tradespeople are more readily available. Working at night may also pose safety risks due to decreased visibility and potential fatigue. However, in some situations, builders may work night shifts to meet project deadlines or to minimize disruption to daily activities in busy areas.

Regional metamorphism is caused by deep burial and high temperature and pressure conditions over large areas of the Earth's crust. This can occur during tectonic events such as mountain-building processes or when large sections of the crust are subjected to intense pressure from the movement of tectonic plates. These conditions lead to the recrystallization of minerals, deformation of rocks, and the formation of new minerals, resulting in the metamorphism of the rocks.

It is a distinction most commonly made in golf. Natural hazards are for instance water, and sand bunkers. Although usually made by man, they are considered to be part of the 'natural' environment. Wooden benches, sprinkler holes etc. are not considered 'natural' and therefore man-made.

According to the scientific consensus Earth has been in existence for approximately 4.5 billion years. This is in contradiction with the view many religious people have. They hold the view that Earth is around 6000 years old.

No, lakes are not considered part of Earth's lithosphere. The lithosphere is the rigid outer layer of Earth that consists of the crust and upper mantle. Lakes, on the other hand, are bodies of water that form on the Earth's surface due to various geological and environmental processes.