Electrical Engineering

Electrons cannot traverse or move thru an open circuit. Therefore there is no current or 'electron' flow. Voltage may be present with an open circuit but it is doing no 'work'.

Compare an open circuit with 'potential' energy. Even though potential energy exist there is no kinetic energy unless the electrons have a path to take.

An open circuit provides no such path.

Kinetic energy means something with mass is moving and in some cases that movement is harnessed to accomplish 'work'.

Potential (voltage) which is doing nothing because a circuit is open cannot accomplish any work since there are no electrons moving.

Another perspective:

If an electric circuit is opened, the electricity flow stops. This is due to the fact that air is a strong insulator, and most amounts of electricity (save for lightning) do not have enough voltage to overcome this resistance (in a process called ionization). This is reflected in a formula V = I × R where r is resistance, i is amperage, and v is voltage. Through this relationship, as resistance reaches a high level, voltage drops, and the electric flow stops because it cannot overcome the resistance with the force of voltage or amps.

A thought on the ionization process:

As ionization occurs, resistance across the 'gap path' drops and voltage, if not regulated will drop as well. When there is not enough voltage to cause ionization the voltage will be higher than at the time ionization occurs.

At ionization, current (I) will increase, resistance (R) will decrease and voltage (E) will decrease as well and the potential (voltage) is now causing energy or electrons to flow.

As the ionization occurs much less voltage or potential is required to maintain the ionization path than is required to achieve ionization to start with.

Example: A cars ignition coil is capable of producing 45K~50K volts of electricity.

Yet when the voltage is measure at the end of the spark plug wire there will be only 9K or 10K volts due to the air/fuel molecules being ionized

Not to sure ionization actually is applicable to the original question however. :0)

BTW, I'm 'old school' where E=I x R where E = Voltage.

Just like megacycles to megahertz, I guess everything changes but the laws of physics.

so it could prevent shocking you .They use that because if u get shocked the electric can travel through your body and it could harm u if u get shocked a lot. Also if u get shocked and you can hurt other people and shock them to so that is why they use plastic coating on the electric cords.

Three phase means just that- three phases in the windings of the motor. Therefore three leads (outputs) are used to supply power. A lot depends on the number of wires coming out of the motor. In large industrial motors, you can have 9 leads. The wiring of the motor depends on the application- the motor will either be wired in series (leads 1-4-7, 2-5-8 & 3-6-9 combination) or parallel (4-7, 5-8 & 6-9 with the first three leads connected separate).
To change the direction of the output shaft, simply reverse any two of the three leads.

A: It does not loose its strenght it just becomes less due to the resistances or impedance's along the way.

The first commercially-successful electric motors were made around 1873 by Zenobe Gramme, a Belgian engineer. His electric generators (dynamos) were based on machines invented by Italian physicist Antonio Pacinotti in 1860.

hysteresis loss= K B^1.6 egs/sec where k is STEINMEITZ coefficient and B is the maximum magnetic flux density

You always need to apply rated voltage to the primary in open circuit test (oc test helps to find iron loss which depends on the voltage applied which remains constant)so with smaller voltage applied to the low voltage side rated voltage can be achieved in primary.Further,the ammeter ,voltmeter and wattmeter connected to the primary can be of lower rating.

The higher the resistance the dimmer the light will become. The voltage drop (current) is proportional to the resistance as seen in the equation V=IR, since voltage remains the same throughout a series circuit if the equivalent resistance goes up the amount of current reaching the lightbulb must go down to equal the voltage thus creating a dimmer lightbulb.

The formula you are looking for is R = E/I

An open circuit essentially has an infinite resistance. It is shown on digital multimeter as OL. (Open Line) A short circuit should read zero, or nearly zero, depending on the accuracy of the meter.

Sometimes. It depends on the size of the light (watts), the operating voltage, and the line voltage. Very large high voltage lights often buzz.

k = 1000, so there are 22,500 ohms in 25.5 kOhms.

22.5k = 22.5 x 1000 = 22,500

If the main breaker has ground fault detection, and the fault is a ground fault, then only the main may trip.

Also if the fault is a direct short, the fault current may be several thousand amps, much greater than the trip point of both breakers. Breakers have an I^2T curve (current squared-time), which is an indication of how fast the breaker will trip at a given overload. When both breakers are overloaded, the breaker with the faster I^2T rating at that current level will trip first. This would be an indication that the breakers are improperly specified or adjusted.

I suspect what you're thinking of is a machine that generates more than 100% of the power it uses, which does not exist (and is in fact impossible according to the conservation of energy).

An earth leakage relay is an electronic or electromechanical device that detects the current flowing to earth (Americans call this ground). If this earth leakage current is above a preset level (and carries on for a preset time) the relay is "tripped" - this may switch on an alarm signal - or more usually it simply disconnects the supply. Currents may flow to earth due to a fault condition or because of lots of individual items connected to the supply have a small "leakage" to earth.

This was a good experiment in terms of it was to show us the direct result of the effect of increasing the load current on the motor power factor. It showed that the higher the current the better the power factor. The Electrical Supply Board desire a high power factor for installations within Ireland and penalise those which do not meet required standards as they see poor power factor as a wasteful loss of energy. It also showed that there are two ways in which the rotating magnetic field could be used to provide the rotating motion.

Cork should be a poor conductor.

Cork is a lite wood like, low density material. Often used to insulate heat, which is a clue. Things that are not good conductors of heat are normally poor conductors of electricity.

'Reactance' is the name given to the opposition to the flow of alternating current, due to the inductance of a load and the frequency of the supply voltage. It is measured in ohms.

Mostly aluminum because they are ran in free air and that changes their ampacity rating enough for aluminum to be more economical than copper. Gold has a higher ampacity rating than either al. or copper but it is to valuable to leave hanging in the air.

Ratio of Average load to Maximum demand for a given period (for a day, month or year) is termed as Load factor or Plant Load Factor (PLF).

Load Factor = Avg. Load*24/Max Demand*24 ......... For a Day.

This Load factor is very important in the sense of calculating the overall generation cost. It is always less than 1. Higher the LOAD FACTOR of a power station,lesser the overall per unit generation cost of the power station.

Peak - neutral for 120 volts RMS is 169 volts, or 120 * sqrt(2)

Peak to peak will be 2 x this value, or 339 volts.