Electrical Wiring

Voltage-ELCBs were first introduced about sixty years ago and Current-ELCB was first introduced about forty years ago. For many years, the voltage operated ELCB and the differential current operated ELCB were both referred to as ELCBs because it was a simpler name to remember. But the use of a common name for two different devices gave rise to considerable confusion in the electrical industry.

I find amps by measuring with a 'clamp-on' ammeter. I use this information particularly to evaluate the performance of deep well pumps. If you are looking to determine amperage using known values such as Voltage, Resistance, or Power {Wattage} you will need to use "Ohm's Law". It's the base formula from which most all other formulas regarding electricity extrapolate it's functions from.

Ohm's Law:

E = I [X] R

Where:

E=Voltage or EMF [electro motive force] in Volts or "V"

I=Current in Ampere as "A" or Amps,

R=Resistance in Ohm's as "R" or the Omega symbol

From thew known characteristics of E, I, and R another formula of Ohm's law can be used to determine power using two known values.

Ohm's Law Power Formula:

P = I [X] R

Where:

P=Power in Wattage/Watts as "W"

I=Amp

E=Volts

Examples:

You have a portable car heater {a heating element is just a large resistor for simplicity} and the specifications on its label says he device is a 12 volt appliance that uses 60 Watts of power You are asked to determine what size wire will be needed and the total resistance of the circuit.*

Wire is sized for the amount of current ** it will be required to handle giving as little resistance {i.e. heat} as possible, but not over sized wasting the customers or your own money. Using the given values for E and P we can determine I.

If,

P = I X E then,

60Watts = I {Amps} [X] 12 Volts so,

60 = {I} [X] 12 or,

{I} = 60/12 therefore,

{I} = 5 Amps

As a construction electrician we seldom are required to calculate for anything smaller than 14 guage wire {rated at 15 amps per code} so I am only guessing at 5 amps but I'm sure it is close to 22-24 AWG seeing 18 is good for 14 amps in fixture wiring.

Then:

If,

E-I x R then,

12Volts = 5Amps {from above} [X] R so,

12 = 5 X {R} therefore,

R = 12/5 therefore,

R = 2.5Ohm's

Thus:

The device is a 12 Volt heater that uses 60 Watts of power that allows 5 amperes of current through the circuit that produces 2.5 Ohm's of resistance requiring a min. of 22 AWG wire for the network. .......or...........

Go down to the hardware store and get a clamp on amp meter with multi function options to measure the resistance overall or individualy lol.

[Note} I am an expert at justanswer.com and not familiar with other formats of similar venues. I apologize if my addition to this answer was added out of protocol or if I "stepped on" someones session answer.

[*] (each entity of a circuit has it's own resistive value such as the wire, the heating element, and the devices used to control it which are all added together [Rt=R1 + R2 + R3 + etc....} to make the total resistance.

[**] {current is the amount of electrons that passes through any given point of a circuit for one {1} second known as a coloomb and is measured in "Joules".

The 12 refers to the size of wire in AWG - American Wire Gauge. 12 gauge wire can legally carry 20 Amps, and would be used if the circuit breaker is 20 A. 14 AWG can carry 15 Amps, used on a 15 A breaker.

The 2 or 3 refers to the number of ungrounded conductors in a cable (such as romex or NM). 12-2 would contain a hot (black) and a neutral (white). 12-3 would contain two hots (black and red), and a neutral (white). Additionally, these cables are available "with ground," meaning a bare ground wire is added to the cable. So a "12-2 with ground" would actually contain three conductors including the bare ground wire.

A 12-2 with ground cable would be used where you needed to run a single 20 A circuit. You are allowed to share a ground and neutral when running two circuits if the circuits are on different legs (phases) in the panel. 12-3 is used for this purpose. It can also be used where you need 240 volts (between the black and red) with a neutral (and ground).

These voltages are both wye connection three phase voltages. The voltage difference comes from the primary three phase voltage supplies. 277 volts is obtained from 277 x 1.73 = 480 and 240 volts is obtained from 240 x 1.73 = 415. 480/277 volts is a common three phase American voltage. 415/240 volts is a European voltage. In Canada a common three phase voltage is 347/600. The 240 volts could also be a single phase voltage in North America derived from a split phase secondary on a distribution transformer that supplies 120/240 volts to homes.

For a 3000 watt load, it's recommended to use a 10-gauge cable for a distance of up to 50 feet. If the distance exceeds 50 feet, you may need to use a thicker cable such as 8-gauge to minimize voltage drop and ensure safety. It's always best to consult with a professional electrician to determine the most suitable cable size for your specific setup.

No, you will not obtain 230 volts. From a wye connected three phase 480 volt supply, 277 volts can be obtained from one phase leg and the neutral on the wye connection. 480 volts/1.73 (sq. root of 3) = 277 volts.

The electrical wires covered in PVC insulation, because the electrical wires are required to save exposure from weather effect (which may leads to the deterioration of the cables and short circuiting). secondly cables are save in the PVC sheets and the danger of short circuiting is minimzed

Electroplating is the process of covering a surface with a metallic coating using electronic components.

There are many reasons why electroplating is important, e.g.

1. Electroplating creates a protective barrier by applying a thin, durable metal coating to reduce friction and prevent surface stains to protect the surface from friction and tears.

2. The coating of a non-metallic surface with metallic changes the surface properties of an object. In doing so, the use of metal coatings is used to change the wear, corrosion protection, protection from corrosion and sometimes the aesthetics of an object.

3. Electroplating makes cheap metals look like high quality metals.

Several industries use a few electronic connections such as automobiles, aircraft, electronics, entertainment and agriculture.

Types of electroplating.

4. Mass metal or barrel (electronic connection) placing the part inside the barrel. This type of electroplating fastener is great for hardware and metal stamping and is expensive for coating large quantities of small parts.

5. The plated part of the rack is attached to the metal rack. For large or complex parts, machined or fine threaded parts work effectively for quality purposes.

The connections on a transformer are circuit ties for the primary and secondary windings, and any taps. This is a very general question, and only a very general answer can be given. The basic transformer (outside the autoformer) has four connections, and two of them are for the ends of the primary windings, and two of them are for the ends of the scondary windings. Certainly there are many variations on the theme for taps in the primary and/or secondary, additional primary or secondary windings, different windings for different phases (as in power distribution applications), etc. More information on transformers can be had by using the link to the Wikipedia article on these electrical and electronic devices that are used to step up voltages, step down voltages, or isolate electrical circuits (as well as a number of other things).

It is not true that another name for the "Y" or "wye-connected" system of polyphase power is the "delta" system.

It's called the "star" system.

For measuring electrical Current the electrical equipment used is Amphere meter. This equipment tells the current flow in the equipment.

How to Read Your Electric Meter ---- It's no mystery! Your electric meter can easily be read if you understand some basic rules. Each of the five dials represent one digit of the present reading. As you can see, the dials move both clockwise and counter clockwise. When the hand of one of the dials is between numbers, always take the smaller number. For example: 4 6 3 7 2 If you cannot tell if a hand is past a number or not, simply look at the dial to the right. If it has passed zero, then the hand is pointing to the correct number. If the dial to the right has not passed zero, then use the next smaller number. Totally confused? Let's try an example: 4 6 3 9 2 The third digit is a three because the digit to the right has not yet passed zero. If the second dial from the right was between the zero and the one, then the third digit would have been a four. Easy isn't it! To practice, go outside to your home or business and record the readings for several days in a row. By subtracting yesterday's reading from today's reading, you can get a feel for how much energy (kilowatt hours) you use each day. Keep in mind that when the power company representative reads your meter, they do NOT set it back to zero. Therefore the dials keep turning until the next time the meter is read. By subtracting two consecutive readings, the amount of kilowatt hours is determined for the month. Greeneville Light & Power System personnel use hand-held computers to record the meter reading. The computer immediately checks to see if the reading is about the same as the one the previous month. If it is quite a bit lower or higher, the meter reader is asked to re-read the dials to make sure the reading is correct. This helps insure your bill is accurate each and every month!

240 volts is a typical single phase voltage (one phase wire and one neutral wire, possibly a ground wire as well) while 208 is a three phase voltage (you will have three phase wires, plus possibly a neutral wire)

208v in a grounded system is actually 120 volts referenced to ground. That is, there are three 120 volt voltages referenced to ground 120 degrees apart.

A typical house will have 120 and 240 volts. These are both single phase, but the utilitiy company's transformer providing this power has a center tap - so three wires from it, one at 0 volts (the neutral or return - usually the center), one at 120 volts, and one at -120 volts referenced to ground.

yes of course

provided you satisfy the principle of generator

a coil has to be rotated in a magnetic field.

make arrangements to produce a magnetic field in either stator or rotor and also to draw produces current from the lets

making current is a peak value attain at first cycle when the circuit breaker is close.the making current rating is expressed in "peak" value of the maximum ac current it can safely close on that's why it is always have higher value than breaking current. Making current is limited by the withstand capability of the contacts.

Breaking current is based on the ability of the contacts to interrupt the current. If the contacts are not able to interrupt the current when they open, the heat energy in the resulting arc will often destroy the device. the breaking current rating is expressed in RMS value of the current.

The most common electrical insulator is the plastic coating on electrical wires. Hope this helps!

The assumption here is that you're refering to a standard A/C (alternating current) circuit such as those found in the average household or business. In a typical household the power supplied by the power company actually reverses polarity 60 times a second (60 Hz), hence the term alternating current (A/C). In Europe the standard frequency or Hertz (Hz) is 50 at 220 volts. The U.S. standard is, of course, 110 VAC at 60 Hz. So, in answer to your question In most systems you have a 0 volt potential *neutral and a 110 or 220 volt potential *hot, when this gets wired in reverse safety problems can arise, such as a nasty shock when touching grounded equipment.

Single phase 220 V AC(measured Across the line and Neutral) Three wire system having one Live(L),one Neutral(N),one ground's.

Two wire system having one Live(L),one Neutral(N).

Two phase 220 V AC (measured Across the two phases i.e across Phase RY or across Phase YB or across Phase BR) . Three wire system having tow live (L), one Ground (G).

Two wire system having two Live(L).

Ramesh P

The dielectric stress is the stress placed upon a material when a voltage is placed across it.