Electronics Engineering

Unit 731 was basically constructed in order for the Japanese to test the affectiveness of their weapons on their civilians of Northern China, or 'Manchukuo' at the time. They tested and devised various ways of devastating the people of China and other enemy Asian countries (such as creating plagues, epidemics and famines) after testing on the Northern Chinese (cutting them up, injecting air into arteries, placing in pressure chamber, injecting diseases). Unit 731 was simply a way the Japanese tried to plan to kill and torture the Chinese and other enemy Asians, in the most affective and cruelest ways.

Unit 731 (731 部隊) was a covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) and World War II. It was responsible for some of the most notorious war crimes carried out by Japanese personnel.

Vivisection

Prisoners of war were subjected to vivisection without anesthesia. Vivisections were performed on prisoners after infecting them with various diseases. Scientists performed invasive surgery on prisoners, removing organs to study the effects of disease on the human body. These were conducted while the patients were alive because it was feared that the decomposition process would affect the results. The infected and vivisected prisoners included men, women, children, and infants.

Vivisections were also performed on pregnant women, sometimes impregnated by doctors, and the fetus removed. Prisoners had limbs amputated in order to study blood loss. Those limbs that were removed were sometimes re-attached to the opposite sides of the body. Some prisoners' limbs were frozen and amputated, while others had limbs frozen then thawed to study the effects of the resultant untreated gangrene and rotting.

Some prisoners had their stomachs surgically removed and the esophagus reattached to the intestines. Parts of the brain, lungs, liver, etc. were removed from some prisoners.

In 2007, Doctor Ken Yuasa testified to the Japan Times that, "I was afraid during my first vivisection, but the second time around, it was much easier. By the third time, I was willing to do it." He believes at least 1,000 people, including surgeons, were involved in vivisections over mainland China.

Weapons testing

Human targets were used to test grenades positioned at various distances and in different positions. Flame throwers were tested on humans.

Humans were tied to stakes and used as targets to test germ-releasing bombs, chemical weapons, and explosive bombs.

Germ warfare attacks

Prisoners were injected with inoculations of disease, disguised as vaccinations, to study their effects. To study the effects of untreated venereal diseases, male and female prisoners were deliberately infected with syphilis and gonorrhea, then studied. Prisoners were infested with fleas in order to acquire large quantities of disease-carrying fleas for the purposes of studying the viability of germ warfare[citation needed].

Plague fleas, infected clothing, and infected supplies encased in bombs were dropped on various targets. The resulting cholera, anthrax, and plague were estimated to have killed around 400,000 Chinese civilians. Tularemia was tested on Chinese civilians.

Unit 731 and its affiliated units (Unit 1644, Unit 100, et cetera) were involved in research, development, and experimental deployment of epidemic-creating biowarfare weapons in assaults against the Chinese populace (both civilian and military) throughout World War II. Plague-infested fleas, bred in the laboratories of Unit 731 and Unit 1644, were spread by low-flying airplanes upon Chinese cities, coastal Ningbo in 1940, and Changde, Hunan Province, in 1941. This military aerial spraying killed thousands of people with bubonic plague epidemics.

Other experiments

Prisoners were subjected to other torturous experiments such as being hung upside down to see how long it would take for them to choke to death, having air injected into their arteries to determine the time until the onset of embolism, and having horse urine injected into their kidneys.

Other incidents include being deprived of food and water to determine the length of time until death, being placed into high-pressure chambers until death, having experiments performed upon prisoners to determine the relationship between temperature, burns, and human survival, being placed into centrifuges and spun until dead, having animal blood injected and the effects studied, being exposed to lethal doses of x-rays, having various chemical weapons tested on prisoners inside gas chambers, being injected with sea water to determine if it could be a substitute for saline and being buried alive.

Biological warfare

Japanese scientists performed tests on prisoners with plague, cholera, smallpox, botulism, and other diseases. This research led to the development of the defoliation bacilli bomb and the flea bomb used to spread the bubonic plague.Some of these bombs were designed with ceramic (porcelain) shells, an idea proposed by Ishii in 1938.

These bombs enabled Japanese soldiers to launch biological attacks, infecting agriculture, reservoirs, wells, and other areas with anthrax, plague-carrier fleas, typhoid, dysentery, cholera, and other deadly pathogens. During biological bomb experiments, scientists dressed in protective suits would examine the dying victims. Infected food supplies and clothing were dropped by airplane into areas of China not occupied by Japanese forces. In addition, poisoned food and candies were given out to unsuspecting victims and children, and the results examined.

PIC® 's are microcontrollers. PIC® 's are a large range of microcontrollers manufactured by Microchip Technology Inc. The 8-bit range, also known as the PIC16 range is a popular microcontroller range for beginners and students. Especially the PIC16F84 and PIC16F877. There are many books available that help students with the basics of microcontrollers. I would recommend any beginner to start by using a book on PIC's like "PIC in Practice by D.W. SMITH" or many others like PIC Trix and so on. A complete book will guide you better through the learning stages than the bits and pieces on the internet. Internet will help you allot once you are more experienced.

The PIC16F84 does not support USART (Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) therefore it cannot perform serial communications such as RS-232 (comport) communications unless very unconventional attempts are made to create it in firmware (software programmed into the chip) which I don't recommend.

If you are a beginner and want to use PIC but also feel you want to extend your experiments to communications with a computer, other PIC's or serial IC's. Then I would recommend starting with PIC16F877 they may be intimidating at first, but after you studied its datasheet and learned some basic assembler or ANSI C, you can get started. For beginners I actually recommend assembler since it teach you more about the operation of the microcontroller in its core. I would recommend looking at www.microchip.com for the MPLAB program and search the net for MPASM compiler and ICprog programmer software (you need an extra driver for parallel port if you program via parallel port in win XP perhaps Vista as well). Unless you want to spend a fortune on programmer hardware you can build your own. a Tait style programmer may work well with ICprog, there are many circuits on the internet for this type of programmer.

Other microcontrollers are also available in the same level. There are MSC51 standard Atmel 89C51 or 8051 family and then there is Atmel AVR, like the ATMEGA8. The nice part about the ATMEGA8 for instance is that if you feel comfortable with this device and probably started using C language to make life easier. You find it very easy to move up to ATMEGA128 which is a more advance microcontroller. For AVR's there are a very resourceful website called http://www.avrfreaks.net/ go have a look.

The best approach to microcontrollers is not to commit your self to quickly to a particular one or brand name, "play the field a bit". Once you are more experienced it's best to use your experience and choose a nice microcontroller that can do most of what you will need and try stick with it or a very few variations at least. It takes very long to study and learn a particular make or model very well and you really do not want to go through all that every time you do a new project.

But to make your first MCU (micro controller unit) project a PIC project is not a bad idea due to all the basic educational resources and help available.
PIC is the series of microcontroller having some advance features then other series of microcontrollers like 8051. one is the speed that is fast in comparison and we can also interface usb through it.