Evolution

The theory of evolution posits that all living organisms have descended from a common ancestor through a process of natural selection, genetic mutation, and adaptation to their environments. This explains the diversity of organisms on Earth as the result of gradual changes over millions of years. Evolutionary processes help organisms become better adapted to their environments, leading to a multitude of species with different characteristics and traits.

Evolution may refer to both the observed phenomenon and the theoretical framework explaining observations in terms of what we know of that phenomenon. Phenomena need no support, just verification. Theories aren't usually supported by other theories, but by observational data. Just so for evolutionary theory: it's supported by the observations in embryology, genetics, comparative genomics, palaeontology, ethology, zoology, microbiology, molecular biology, and so forth.

Stephen Jay Gould proposed the theory of punctuated equilibrium, which suggests that evolution occurs in short bursts of rapid change followed by long periods of stability. This challenged the traditional view of gradual evolution proposed by Darwin. Gould's work helped to broaden our understanding of the pace and mechanisms of evolutionary change.

The "rate" of evolution is most accurately gauged in terms of divergence between genetic sequences. Chromosomes are basically groupings of such sequences. It is certainly possible that the number and order of these groupings affect future developments (for instance: polyploidy and chromosomal fusions can affect speciation events), but they do little to affect the overall "rate" of divergence.

1. Variation: Within a population, individuals have different traits.
2. Selection: Certain traits provide individuals with a better chance of survival and reproduction.
3. Reproduction: Individuals with beneficial traits are more likely to pass on these traits to their offspring, leading to a shift in the population's gene pool over time.

The harsher the environment the more natural selection plays a role because the smallest advantage might be enough, hence humans with a very easy environment where genes don't offer a significant advantage this doesn't really count for humans.

And how much a species reproduce, the more they reproduce the more chance for a beneficial mutation.

Hawaiian honeycreepers are a diverse group of birds, descended from a common ancestor. Their adaptive radiation in Hawaii, where they diversified into various species with different beak shapes and sizes to exploit different food sources, provides strong evidence for evolution through natural selection. This diversification over time supports the idea that species can evolve to fit specific ecological niches.

The idea of evolution is that evolution is a fact and the theory of evolution by natural selection explains much about the fact of evolution.

Your question is ill posed. A more modern phrase would say your question is malformed.

How could the fact of evolution be a threat to anything? How could the theory that is the backbone of biology not be one of the greatest progressions in science?

Much confusion between fact and theory. Theory explains fact and encompasses fact and is a higher scientific concept than fact.

The formation of new species from existing species is called speciation. This process occurs when populations of a species become isolated and undergo genetic changes that lead to them becoming reproductively isolated from each other. Over time, these changes can accumulate, resulting in the emergence of distinct species.

Homologous structures are evidence for evolution because they indicate that different species share a common evolutionary ancestor. These structures have similar underlying anatomical or genetic features, suggesting a shared evolutionary history. For example, the bones in the limbs of vertebrates all share a common anatomical structure, indicating a shared evolutionary origin.

State evolution refers to the process by which a system's state changes over time in response to internal dynamics or external influences. It is often used in the context of systems theory and can involve the transition from one stable state to another or the gradual development of a system's properties. Understanding state evolution is important for predicting future system behavior and making informed decisions.

This is called gradualism, which involves evolutionary changes happening gradually over time, without abrupt shifts or sudden leaps in development. It contrasts with punctuated equilibrium, where evolution occurs in rapid bursts separated by long periods of stability.

Factors that influence how species evolve include natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutations. These processes can lead to changes in the gene pool of a population over time, resulting in the evolution of new traits and eventually the formation of new species. Environmental factors, such as climate change and competition for resources, also play a significant role in shaping the direction of evolution.

The concept of an evolutionary ladder is outdated in modern evolutionary theory. Evolution does not follow a linear progression towards complexity or advancement. Instead, it is about adapting to environmental changes over time. Each species is uniquely adapted to its own niche, with no inherent hierarchy.

When lemon juice is squeezed on marble, carbon dioxide gas is released due to the reaction between the citric acid in the lemon juice and the calcium carbonate in the marble. This reaction results in the formation of calcium citrate, water, and carbon dioxide gas.

These are the morphological and behavioral variations by individuals within a population of organisms.

Check human variation is height and the different way humans behave in similar situations.

That they were both transformationists, a word the meant in those days one thought organisms evolved over time, and thought species arose by natural processes. The mechanisms proposed by them varied a great deal though.

Fossils

Further evidence is derived from living organisms

Bones

For a new species to form, there must be a long string of mutations and developments based on some environmental need. Eventually enough changes will occur that the organisms that have made the change are no longer recognizable as their original species.

Natural selection is the process that causes behavior patterns to change over generations as a result of differential reproductive success. Organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those beneficial traits to their offspring. Over time, this process leads to the accumulation of advantageous behaviors in a population.

A. Spontaneous generation contradicted the cell theory, as it proposed that living organisms could arise from non-living matter, which is not in line with the principle that all living things are composed of cells.

The Galapagos Islands had the most influence on Darwin's theory of evolution. During his visit to the islands, he observed different species of finches and tortoises with unique adaptations that supported his ideas about natural selection and species evolution.

It sometimes does but not always. A great deal of evolution by natural selection can happen without the formation of new species. Natural selection is only the process of adaptation within species, and we see many examples of that. Under some circumstances natural selection does play a role in the origin of new species, by which I mean a splitting of one species lineage into two different lineages that do not interbreed with one another - for example, the splitting of one ancestral primate lineage into one that became today's chimpanzee and the other that became the hominid line resulting in our own species. The process of splitting and becoming reproductively isolated, that is, incapable of breeding with one another, can often involve natural selection but perhaps not always.

Molecular homologies refer to similarities in DNA or protein sequences between different species that indicate a shared evolutionary ancestry. These homologies provide evidence of common descent and can be identified through sequence alignment and comparison techniques. Studying molecular homologies helps in understanding the evolutionary relationships between different organisms.

The starting point for natural selection is the variation present in a population due to genetic differences. This variation provides the raw material upon which natural selection acts, allowing individuals with advantageous traits to survive and reproduce at higher rates, leading to evolutionary change over time.