Evolution

True. A lineage group consists of individuals who trace their ancestry back to a common progenitor. All members of the lineage group are believed to be descendants of this shared ancestor.

Being a theory, evolution (or rather "natural selection") is neither "true" nor "false". A theory is put forward as a possible explanation for a phenomenon that can be observed but not easily explained.

There are many "facts" that are offered as evidence of "natural selection" being a good explanation for the huge variety of life on Earth and for the fact that, undoubtedly, species appeared and disappeared over the course of many millions of years, but not everyone is convinced by such "facts". There are other, alternative theories, such as creationism, lamarkism, or even extra-terrestrial intervention, but I'm afraid they're even less convincing than natural selection.

Various theoriest have proposed that human head sizes will increases (in order to contain the ever enlarging brain which humans possess), and that fingers will become more dextrous. It is estimated that another few hundred thousand years could pass before there is enough genetic variation to make a subsequent human species distinct enough from our own.

Yes, a scientific theory can be rejected if new evidence or observations contradict its predictions or if a more accurate theory is developed. The rejection of a theory is an essential part of the scientific process that helps refine our understanding of the natural world.

Natural selection requires variation in traits within a population, differential survival and reproduction based on those traits, and inheritance of those traits from one generation to the next. These factors allow for the gradual accumulation of advantageous traits over time.

One cause of speciation is reproductive isolation or the separation of the population of a species from other populations so that it can change without keep getting mixed with other populations( and therefore becoming identical to other populations).

It doesn't. Co-evolution is simply a special case of evolution in which two or more species affect the direction of one another's evolution. The classic example is predator/prey interaction. All rabbits are variants and all fast rabbits vary among themselves also, with the faster ones surviving to reproduce ever faster rabbits. ( within physical limits and incrementally; think of how humans have shaved time off the mile run in the last 50 years ) This drives the evolution of faster, within limits, predators to chase these rabbits. Thus you get a arms race of coevolution in two interacting organisms.

Charles Darwin was a British naturalist known for his theory of evolution by natural selection, which explains how species evolve over time. His work on the origin of species revolutionized the field of biology and has had a profound impact on our understanding of the natural world. Darwin's contributions laid the foundation for modern evolutionary biology.

The products of evolution include the diversity of species, adaptation to environments, and the development of complex biological structures and functions. Evolution also leads to the formation of new species through the process of speciation.

Related organisms become less alike by divergent evolution, which occurs when two different populations from the same ancestor evolve in separate directions, leading to different traits and characteristics. Over time, natural selection causes these divergent traits to become more pronounced, resulting in greater differences between the populations.

Living things exhibit certain characteristics such as growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, and ability to obtain and use energy. These characteristics help us distinguish living organisms from non-living matter.

Evolution is science and based on the best evidence available. Creation is religion and is part of so many different cultures that I am not sure which story you mean.
The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection explains much about the fact of evolution (things change over time) and is supported by massive amounts of evidence from both microbiology and the fossil record. There is no 'theory' of creation (creationism) because to be a theory it needs to be able to be testable and be able to make predictions, and creationism does neither of those. Most religions have their own creation myths and the differences between them are astounding. Creationism (also called "the theory of creation" "Creation Science" and "Intelligent Design") have also been disproven for over a century.

Charles Darwin

Yes, evolution occurs on a genetic level through changes in the frequency of genetic variations over successive generations. These genetic variations can lead to changes in an organism's traits that can be passed on to offspring, driving evolution.

Because evolution is the change in allele frequency over time in a population of organisms and this is easily seen in population gene sequencing.

This does not even mention fossils, genetics, developmental biology, geology and myriad other disciplines that support the fact of evolution.

See related links for details.

In the broadest sense, there was no "first person", even if we only ask who was the first person who was a modern human, a member of Homo sapiens. This is because we could not say definitively that this person was finally a Homo sapiens,but that his or her parents were still Homo erectus. Evolution is simply too gradual for such simple answers. What we do know is that the first Homo sapiens evolved over two hundred thousand years ago.
We could regard our Homo erectus ancestors as people, although not yet modern humans, or even their Homo habilisancestors as people. Many scientists regard their more ancient predecessors as too primitive and too different to really be people in the sense that we usually use the word. So there would be a broad consensus that Homo habilis were the first people on earth.

Simple example. You know hair color is under genetic control. Two types, blond ( which is recessive ) and brown ( which is dominant ) exist in our population. These two alleles are in a 75% to a 25% frequency. ( dominant to recessive ) if that frequency changed to 60% to 40% you could say that evolution had taken place. Evolution is the change in allele frequency in a population of organisms over time. ( example very simplified )

PS Scientist do not prove things. They support their work with the evidence.

Normally variations might be differences in genotype between individuals. However, in evolution, the genotype isn't important; rather, the phenotype is what interacts with the environment. In other words, two organisms can have different genotypes (seeming variation), but be equally fit to survive because their phenotypes are the same.

Therefore, variation in an evolutionary sense would be differences in phenotype, the outward appearance or function of a trait.

Some people were against Darwin's ideas because they contradicted religious beliefs about the origins of life and the role of humans in the natural world. Additionally, Darwin’s theory of evolution challenged the notion of humanity as separate and superior to other species, which was unsettling to some.

To separate the grasshoppers into species, you would need to carefully examine their physical characteristics such as color, size, shape of wings, antennae, and legs. Additionally, you might need to analyze their genitalia and reproductive organs as these can differ significantly between species. Consulting with entomologists or taxonomists for guidance would be beneficial in this task.

analogous evolution is when animals have unsimilar structures with similar functions, like the wing of a fly is different from the wing of a bat, but both help the organism to fly regardless. or a seal and penguin both have fish-like bodies, and blubber to keep them warm in arctic conditions, but are related closely...

Genetic drift is the spread of specific random variations throughout the gene pool in the absence of specific selection pressures. There's always random variation in the population, but there aren't always changes in the environment for the population to adapt to. So natural selection, in stead of moving the population towards adaptation, might select from that random variation to move 'sideways', as it were, to a state that's equally well-adapted to the environment as what came before, but different. As random variation may produce many variants that are, more or less, equally well-adapted to their environment, the direction of evolution that results is more or less random.

1. Fossil records provide evidence of biological evolution by showing the gradual changes in species over time, including the appearance and disappearance of different forms of life.
2. Comparative anatomy and embryology demonstrate similarities in the structures and developmental patterns of different species, suggesting a common evolutionary origin.

Darwin's ideas are widely accepted today because they are supported by evidence from various fields such as genetics, paleontology, and comparative anatomy. His theory of evolution by natural selection provides a coherent explanation for the diversity of life on Earth and has withstood the test of time through repeated scientific validation. Additionally, Darwin's work has influenced and inspired subsequent research in biology, leading to further discoveries that reinforce his original proposals.