Evolution

A chart that illustrates a series of species with their common ancestor is called a phylogenetic tree or phylogeny. These trees show the evolutionary relationships and the common ancestry among different organisms.

Alfred Russel Wallace independently developed the theory of evolution by natural selection, which was very similar to Charles Darwin's ideas. Wallace and Darwin jointly published a scientific paper on the subject in 1858.

The scientific method also involves forming hypotheses, conducting experiments, and analyzing data to draw conclusions. This process allows scientists to systematically investigate natural phenomena and test their theories.

Evolution is the change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. This change occurs due to genetic variation, natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow.

Crossing-over during meiosis leads to genetic variation by shuffling alleles between homologous chromosomes. This genetic variability allows for offspring to inherit different combinations of genes from their parents, increasing the potential for advantageous traits to be selected for through natural selection.

The continents of the earth are constantly drifting, sometimes joining up against other land masses and forming supercontinents, and sometimes breaking up. Sometime before 250 million years ago, a single continent, now known as Pangea, incorporated all the major land masses of the earth.

Evolution results as living things respond to environmental changes, and one of the aspects of the environment was the super-continent of Pangea. Successful life forms could migrate throughout the entire land area of the world, dominating the less successful and sometimes driving them to extinction. When Pangea began to break up, each separate land mass held species that had evolved on Pangea but now began to evolve in isolation, eventually creating new classes of life forms distinct from those on the other land mass.

Some such experiments have been performed, mostly to verify that it was in fact possible as predicted by the modern evolutionary synthesis. The basic method of achieving the drift is to alter the factors affecting the environment of different populations and seeing what happens, then comparing the outcomes.

A temporary change in climate that does not lead to long-term isolation of populations would likely not result in the formation of new species. For new species to form, isolated populations need to evolve independently over time, leading to genetic differences that cannot be reversed upon rejoining.

Postzygotic barriers, such as hybrid inviability and hybrid sterility, can lead to the improper development of hybrids and prevent them from establishing themselves in nature. These barriers occur after hybridization and can hinder the survival and reproduction of hybrid offspring.

The geographical distribution of closely related species in different regions, such as marsupials in Australia and placental mammals in other parts of the world, supports the theory of common descent. This distribution suggests that these species evolved from a common ancestor and diverged as they adapted to different environments. Additionally, the similarities in species found on islands compared to nearby mainland regions also provide evidence for common descent through adaptive radiation.

Scientists think that archaea may be the group of prokaryotes that are most closely related to the ancestors of eukaryotes. This is based on genetic and biochemical similarities between archaea and eukaryotes, as well as the shared presence of certain cellular structures and processes.

Alfred Russel Wallace and Charles Darwin independently developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. Wallace's paper on the subject, titled "On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type," was presented jointly with Darwin's work to the Linnean Society in 1858. Darwin later expanded on his ideas in the book "On the Origin of Species."

This pattern is known as punctuated equilibrium, which proposes that species remain relatively unchanged for long periods, punctuated by short bursts of rapid evolution. It suggests that evolution occurs in sporadic bursts of speciation rather than constant gradual change.

Saltationism posits extreme mutational jumps instead of the incremental process of natural selection. " Hopeful monsters from the satanic world of hell", so to speak. These people thought evolution proceeded by mutation more than selection, but it is an idea who's time has passed. By looking back at Ancient Greek Hieroglyphics, this natural selection stated in Saltationism definitely proves to be true. Although, present-day scientists have also confirmed the facts about Saltationism.

Some viruses are very advanced in their evolution, compared to what they started as. However, in absolute terms and compared to most other biological entities, viruses are barely evolved at all; they are in fact not considered life at all, and are probably remnanats of the earliest complicated organic forms.

Speciation is the process by which a new species arises. This can occur through various mechanisms such as geographic isolation, where populations become separated and diverge genetically, leading to reproductive isolation. Over time, these populations accumulate enough differences that they can no longer interbreed, resulting in the formation of two distinct species.

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The Theory of Evolution by Means of Natural Selection is accepted by most, almost all, scientists as an excellent account of how life must change and diversify and adapt across time. Evolution is considered factual and thus true by most scientists. The reason for this is the huge amount of evidence, which comes from comparative genetics, comparative genomics, comparative cytogenetics, biogeography, comparative morphology, comparative biochemistry, comparative behaviour and the fossil record.

A homologous pair is composed of two chromosomes that have similar genes in the same order. These chromosomes are one from the mother and one from the father and are similar in size and shape. Homologous pairs line up during meiosis for genetic recombination.

The currently held belief is that there is a good chance that life originated at the bottom of the ocean at mid-ocean ridges (where ocean crust is spreading apart) or at hydrothermal vents. Also, the photic zone in the ocean is a possibility for the birthplace of life that has not been discounted.

Divergent evolution is also known as adaptive radiation.

Variation was not the weakest concept in Darwin's theory. In fact, variation is a key component of natural selection, as it provides the raw material for evolution to work on. Individual variations within a population allow some organisms to survive and reproduce more successfully than others, leading to changes in the gene pool over time.

An allele present in all members of a population

Adaptive radiation is the process by which several new species evolve from a single ancestor in a short period of time. It occurs when a common ancestor adapts to different ecological niches, leading to the rapid diversification of species with distinct adaptations to their respective environments.