Evolution

Charles Darwin was born in 1809. He sailed around the coast of South America on a ship called the Beagle for five years, he began his journey at the age of 25. While sailing he collected many different types of plants and animals on the mainland and on islands. He discovered that animals are all unique to their own island and the animals would come up to the humans because they had never met humans before. One of his most famous theories is his idea of the survival of the fittest, also called natural selection. It basically means: The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce.

Darwin proposed that organisms descended from common ancestors and that natural selection is the driving force for evolution. It took Darwin 25 years to publish his book about evolution. He thought that his theory took away a need for a God. Darwin's theory of evolution challenged both the Religious and the science community ideas at that time. Alfred Russel Wallace was the man who motivated Darwin to publish his book (The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection) because Wallace had come up with the same theory Darwin had and Darwin wanted to get credit for his work so he published his book before Wallace could.

The first true prokaryote cells are thought to have formed from ancient single-celled organisms known as progenotes, which lacked a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. These prokaryotic cells are believed to have evolved around 3.5 billion years ago.

Ultimately, the "competition" that takes place between biologiscal replicating agents is one of differential reproductive success: those variants that have the most offspring will see more of their genes represented in subsequent generations than those who reproduce less. Some variants may be unable to reproduce (much) because they perish before they are able to, but others simply cannot gather enough food to raise many young, so death is not necessarily a part of differential reproductive success - although it often enough is.

Natural selection helps make a species stronger by favoring individuals with advantageous traits that increase their ability to survive and reproduce in their environment. Over time, this process leads to the accumulation of beneficial traits in the population, improving its overall fitness and adaptability to changing conditions.

People evolve through the process of natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the passing on of those traits to future generations. Over time, this can result in changes in the genetic makeup of a population, leading to evolution.

Mutation is the alteration of the nucleotide sequence of an organism, virus, or gene. A mutation can be caused by many factors like radiation and chemical exposure, inadequate nutrition, drastic changes in the environment, or an error in DNA replication. The frequency of occurrence of a particular mutation in the gene pool can be affected by drift, natural selection, sexual selection.

Empirical evidence of evolution includes fossil records showing transitional forms, genetic similarity among related species, observed instances of natural selection in action, and the geographic distribution of species being consistent with common ancestry. These forms of evidence collectively support the theory of evolution by demonstrating the gradual change and diversification of life forms over time.

Those organisms that had variations which caused to survive and be reproductively successful in the changing environment world fulfill the definition of evolution. The change in allele frequency over time in a population of organisms. Perhaps new species would arise from this change and perhaps not. Time and environment would tell.

For a population to grow, the birth rate must exceed the death rate, there must be enough resources available to support the increase in population, and factors that limit growth such as disease or predation must be controlled.

In this context, radiation means divergence: the emergence of multiple populations, each adapted to their particular niche or otherwise changing relative to their ancestors and siblings, from a common ancestor.

When the average, or mean of a population of organisms are selected for. The immediate environment admits of only one way a garnering resources, for instance. Thus, the extremes of the population have lesser chances of survival.

The change over time through natural selection refers to the genetic changes in a species offspring and how those different genotypes react with the environment. For example, many years ago in Europe there was a coal plant that caught fire and exploded. Coal was everywhere for a very long time and it turned the city black. Because of this, the areas population of yellow butterflies began to disappear since the birds could very easily see the bright yellow color over the black coal. Eventually, a population of black butterflies began to appear out of what seemed to be nowhere, but what really happened is that somewhere down the line of those butterflies a black one was born. After the event of the factory explosion when everything had turned black, and the yellow butterflies began to die off, the black species began to flourish because they were able to survive in their new environment. This is what happens with natural selection.

The process by which new species form is called speciation. Speciation occurs when populations of a species become reproductively isolated and diverge over time, leading to the evolution of distinct species. This can happen through mechanisms such as geographic isolation, genetic drift, and natural selection.

Darwin believed that all organisms on Earth are united into a single tree of life by descent with modification, meaning that all living organisms share a common ancestor and have evolved over time through natural selection. This concept forms the basis of evolutionary theory.

Stabilizing selection is a type of natural selection. An example of stabilizing selection is birth weigh in humans. It has been proven that early mortality is highest for extreme birth weights.

Because the universe displays too much design, order and clear intent to be the product of purely naturalistic forces driven by chance.

It is mathematically and physically impossible for nothing to explode (the current size given to whatever exploded at the Big Bang is that it was so small it actually represented nothing) and then create all we observe scientifically, including the periodic elements, DNA, the laws of physics and our ability to think abstractly.

It takes a transcendent creator with a mind and thoughts to inject the design, order and reason into our universe. If you think that no thought, reason or order went into the universe then you need to wonder why you can think and reason and even type words in order! There is information all around us and in us and that took intelligence to do the programming and express that information!

Phenol is used in DNA extraction to separate proteins from DNA by denaturing and precipitating the proteins. It helps in breaking down protein-nucleic acid complexes and provides a hydrophobic environment for DNA to partition into the aqueous phase.

An example of common descent is the similarities in anatomical structures of different species, such as the pentadactyl limb structure (having five fingers or toes) found in mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. This shared trait suggests that these species have a common ancestor and have evolved from a common lineage.

Unity of pattern in evolution refers to the idea that organisms that share a common ancestor often show similarities in their structural and developmental characteristics. This is evidence of common descent and illustrates the concept of homology, where traits are similar due to shared ancestry rather than convergent evolution. For example, the similarity of bones in the forelimbs of vertebrates like humans, birds, and whales is a result of unity of pattern.

The neural tube develops into the vertebrate spinal cord. It forms early in embryonic development from a flat sheet of neural ectoderm that rolls into a tube, eventually differentiating into the brain and spinal cord.

If two sub-populations of a species become reproductively isolated, it means that adaptation or genetic drift can make the two populations diverge genetically. If, as a result of this divergence, upon reintroduction, members of the two sub-populations no longer reproduce successfully, the two sub-populations have become different species.