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Industrial Engineering
Industrial Engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the creation and management of systems that integrate people and materials and energy in productive ways. An industrial engineer studies industrial productivity and makes and implements recommended changes.
2,298 Questions
Who designed the steam engine?
James Watt (1736-1819) is credited with the 1765 improvement of the steam engines of Thomas Newcomen (1664-1729), which dated from 1712. The efficiency of the Watt engine led to its wide industrial use after Watt partnered with Matthew Boulton in 1775.
What are the industrial uses of ultrasonic waves?
CLEANING
Cleaning was one of the earliest industrial applications of ultrasonics. Objects to be cleaned are placed in a bath of fluid which is violently agitated by a number of ultrasonic transducers. The fluid may be water or solvent based, depending on the application. Traditionally the transducers were fitted around the walls of the cleaning bath, but some modern equipment uses an external transducer attached to a resonant probe which transmits the vibrations to the fluid.
The ultrasonics may affect the cleaning process in several ways. Rapid movement in the fluid can help to de-wet surfaces, overcoming surface tension, and may also help to dislodge dirt particles and carry them away from the surface. Cavitation is probably the most interesting (and potent) effect - the shock waves generated by tiny implosions of vapour bubbles can be devastating at close range. The bubbles are so tiny that they can penetrate even the smallest crevices, making the process ideal for parts which could not be cleaned by other methods. Note also that the process must be well controlled to minimise erosion of the surfaces of the parts being cleaned. The standard test of ultrasonic intensity in a cleaning bath is to immerse a standard foil strip for a set time, then remove it and count the number of holes!
CUTTING
Imagine a knife which moves itself backwards and forwards in a sawing action, thirty thousand times a second. True the distance moved is very small but the acceleration is so high that nothing can move with the blade or stick to it. Ultrasonic scalpels are used by surgeons where they want to cut without exerting any pressure. In industry ultrasonic cutting tools are used for products that are difficult to cut by other means.
The heat generated by the ultrasonic vibrations can also be useful. Some man-made fabrics are cut and simultaneously sealed using ultrasonic knives to prevent fraying.
ULTRASONIC MACHINING
Ultrasonics have been used in several ways for machining metals. Lathe tools may benefit from deliberately-induced vibrations to prevent "chatter" which compromises the surface finish of the finished component. Ultrasonic drills, used on very hard ceramics, work by grinding or eroding material away - a liquid slurry around the drill bit contains loose hard particles which are smashed into the surface by the vibrations, eroding material away and creating more loose hard particles
METAL FORMING
My own experience of power ultrasonics is mainly in this field. CarnaudMetalbox R&D (now a part of Crown Cork and Seal - the biggest packaging company in the world) and Loughborough University developed a new aerosol can using a number of novel metal-forming processes, starting with ultrasonic necking (i.e. reducing the diameter of the can at one end). The advantage of using ultrasonics in this case was to minimise friction between the can and the die, thus reducing the forming force. Without ultrasonics the force was so high that the can body would buckle and collapse during the necking process. With ultrasonics a 30% reduction in can diameter could be achieved in a single operation (in conventional necking processes the maximum is typically about 5%).
The ultrasonics were only effective when the vibrations were perpendicular to the surface - for a cylindrical can this meant developing a round die that would vibrate in the radial direction. As with other high-power applications, all tooling had to be resonant, so the desired mode of resonance was a uniform hoop expansion / contraction. We quickly found that while it was fairly easy to design a die to resonate in this mode at the frequency of the ultrasonic equipment, excluding other modes of vibration was a major challenge!
Another difficulty was that with the whole die expanding and contracting there was no convenient nodal (stationary) point which could be used for mouning it. This was solved by the use of a tubular mounting system which was itself resonant at the same frequency as the die.
The ultrasonic forming process went into production making small-diameter aerosol cans in a UK factory. The production line still runs intermittently, making promotional packaging for several prominent customers. One of its products ("Fleurs de Paris" parfum deospray can) won a silver in the 1997 Metal Packaging Manufacturers Association awards.
METAL WELDING
. Ultrasonics can be used to weld different metals together, without solder and flux or special preparation. The process is different to plastic welding in that the two components are vibrated parallel to the interface. This is a more intuitively logical method of generating friction between them, but frictional heating is not thought to be the prime mechanism of the process - the temperature needed to melt (or even soften) most metals would be very difficult to achieve. Instead the mechanism is thought to be diffusion-bonding: atoms of each part diffuse into the other when the two surfaces are brought together in close contact. The ultrasonics promotes this close contact by breaking down the surface oxide layers, allowing the "raw" metals to make contact.
The process has some limitations. It is only suitable for relatively small components (a prime example is welding connectors to car battery leads) since the power required to weld larger parts would be higher than can practically supplied by this method. Also the process tends to mark and deform the components, since high clamping forces and sonotrodes with serrated working faces must be used to grip the workpiece firmly.
PLASTIC WELDING
Plastic welding is used for a huge variety of products ranging from blister packs, cartons and small consumer goods up to car fuel tanks and dashboards. It works by generating heat exactly where it is needed - at the interface between the components to be joined. The components are clamped between a vibrating sonotrode and a fixed mounting. Strangely, the vibrations are usually applied perpendicular to the contact surface, although much of this vibration may be converted to in-plane movement. This also has the advantage that the clamping pressure will keep the sonotrode in contact with the component - serrated surfaces are generally not required. Best results are achieved when the components are clamped close to the interface ("near-field" welding) but if this is not possible then the process can still work at a distance ("far-field").
Staking, or insertion, is a variation of this process in which a metal part (generally a threaded bush) is driven into a hole in a plastic component, which then solidifies around it to form a permanent join. This is a convenient method of producing strong tapped holes in a plastic part.
More information:
SIEVING
Industrial sieves are normally agitated at low frequency to help the product to distribute itself evenly over the surface and to help the small particles go through. Vibrating the mesh at ultrasonic frequencies (in addition to this low-frequency oscillation) can improve the rate of flow dramatically, preventing the product from blocking the holes in the mesh and helping to separate the small particles from the large.
SINTERING
The powder-metallurgy process is used to manufacture top-quality steels and other metals. The powder must be packed as closely as possible before the sintering process begins to prevent the formation of voids or other weaknesses in the finished product. Published research papers indicate that a significant increase in the packing density can be achieved using ultrasonics. Can anyone confirm that this process is in production?
How do you repair pinhole leaks in copper tube?
It is possible to solder the hole closed but if it is going to be inside a wall or you dont want to worry about it leaking again cut it and solder a union where the hole was. If it is smaller than 1/2 " you can purchase flare fittings and do the same thing.
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What is Fuel consumption for a 125kva diesel generator?
Dear Friends I'm also searching for this. How can i give the answer to you?
What is the working principle of rolling mill machine?
The workpiece is holding on the worktable of the machine. The table movement controls the feed of workpiece against the rotating cutter. The cutter is mounted on a spindle or arbor and revolves at high speed. Except for rotation the cutter has no other motion. As the workpiece advances, the cutter teeth remove the metal from the surface of workpiece and the desired shape is produced.
Sandpaper is used to add a nice, smooth finish to a piece of wood or to an object made out of timber.
When a fine smooth finish is required on an object's surface, different grades of sandpaper are used to rub down the surface, starting with the coarsest grade and working through to the finest grade. The rough texture of the sand stuck to the surface of the paper scratches off the roughness of the object's surface making it progressively smoother. Frequently sandpaper is used between the application of layers or "coats" of paint.
Sandpaper may also be used to file fingernails or remove rough areas of calluses on the skin.
What is a high pot voltage test?
'High-pot' is short for 'high potential', and it is also the trade name of a high-voltage test set used for testing the integrity of the insulation of high-voltage cables and other equipment prior to putting them into service, or following maintenance.
Grades of high tensile steel are based on their tensile strength and heat resistance. The best of these are used in axles and other high stress constructions that are required to operation safely.
Advantages of brass over copper?
It is NOT Better as RED Brass is 85% copper 15% Zinc and Yellow brass is 60% copper and 40% Zinc and over time the yellow brass becomes brittle because of dezincification.
A piping system is only as strong as its weakest joint and BRASS is normally threaded thus the wall thickness is severly reduced, copper tubing Type K, L soldered or brazed are much stronger then threaded brass and Brazed brass piping is stronger but normally cost prohibitive to the average building owner.
For more information type Tieger plumbing on any search engine
Why are radiators made out of metal?
Metal is used to make radiators primarily because of its excellent heat-conducting qualities. Due to their high thermal conductivity, metals like steel and aluminum can effectively transfer heat from the radiator's hot water or steam to the air around it. This guarantees the room's efficient heating. Metals are also strong and resistant to changes in pressure and temperature inside heating systems. Additionally, because of their malleability, radiators can be shaped into a variety of sizes and designs, giving them versatility in terms of installation and design.
What is the difference between mva and mw?
For clarification, the correct symbols are 'MV.A' and 'MW' -where a capital 'M' represents 'mega'. A lower case 'm' stands for 'milli' -quite a difference. And the symbols for ampere and volt are an upper case A and an uppercase V.
When an electric current flows through a load, the temperature of the load increases above ambient temperature, and energy is therefore lost to the surroundings through heat transfer. This represents a permanent loss of energy from the circuit. The rate at which this energy is lost is called the true power of the circuit, measured in watts.
At the same time, whenever current flows, a magnetic field is set up around the conductor. As the current increases in value during the first quarter-cycle, this field expands and energy is stored within that field. During the next quarter-cycle, as the current reduces in value, the energy stored in the magnetic field is returned to the circuit. So, while there is movement of energy, there is no net loss of energy from the circuit. The rate at which this energy transfer is taking place is called the reactive power of the circuit, measured in reactive volt amperes. (A similar thing happens in capacitive circuits, although the energy is stored/returned in an electric, rather than in a magnetic, field).
The vector sum of true power and reactive power is called the apparent power of the circuit, measured in volt amperes. That is:
(Apparent Power)2 = (True Power)2+ (Reactive Power)2
(Technically, there is absolutely no reason why true power, reactive power, and apparent power can't all be measured in watts -it is only traditional to use different units!)
It is very easy to measure the apparent power of a circuit, because it is the product of the voltage applied to the load and the current flowing through it -and we could use a voltmeter and an ammeter to determine these values. It is rather more difficult to measure the true power because the voltage and the current must be multiplied by the load's power factor, which is not necessarily known. Nevertheless, it can be measured directly, using a wattmeter.
Difference between conventional coating and film coating?
The difference between the conventional coating and film coating depends with the material used. The film coating uses a film to coat while the conventional coating does not use any type of material to coat.
What is use of centrifugal pump?
generally, centrifugal pumps are high discharge, low pressure generating pumps. to increase the pressure generated it is setup in stages wherein pressure increases from one stage to an other.mostly seen in daily life applications such as pumps for water tankers. even emergency fire fighter vehicles use these type of pumps. these are called dynamic or non-positive displacement pumps.
The dimensions and specifications of a steel girder can affect its weight. However, a steel girder typically weighs between 10 and 20 pounds per foot. As a result, the typical 20-foot steel girder might weigh between 200 and 400 pounds. It's important to remember that heavier, more specialized girders may be used. The specific engineering specifications or a structural engineer should be consulted for precise measurements.
What are the advantages of optical fiber over waveguide?
much wider bandwidth. Ie, many more signals can be run over the same cable.
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Optical transmission has several advantages over copper wire:
- optical fibre's high bandwidth means that a lot more data can be transmitted faster.
A pair of copper wires (which is what most houses in urban areas use for the initial point of access to the Internet can transmit two telephone calls simultaneously, while a single optical fibre can transmit over 80,000; - glass is cheaper and lighter than copper;
- optical fibre is unaffected by electro-magnetic interference, and so is ideal in electrically "noisy" environments, eg where there is high voltage equipment nearby;
- no electrical current is transmitted down a fibre (glass is a good insulator), so it is suitable in hazardous environments where electrical discharge would dangerous;
- as transmission technology continues to improve, higher and higher bandwidths are possible over the same optical fibre links without having to replace the cables.
a single groyne cost about £5,000 per metre
http://www.mjanderson.chislehurst.btinternet.co.uk/coastseadefence.htm
this is where find more of the cost of sea defences
:D
What are wire strippers used for?
A simple manual wire stripper is a pair of opposing blades much like scissors or wire cutters. The addition of a center notch makes it easier to cut the insulation without cutting the wire. This type of wire stripper is used by rotating it around the insulation while applying pressure in order to make a cut around the insulation. Since the insulation is not bonded to the wire, it then pulls easily off the end. This is the most versatile type of wire stripper.
Another type of manual wire stripper is very similar to the simple design previously mentioned, except this type has several notches of varying size. This allows the user to match the notch size to the wire size, thereby eliminating the need for twisting. Once the device is clamped on, the remainder of the wire can simply be pulled out, leaving the insulation behind.
What is the difference between system engineering and industrial engineering?
System engineering is concerned with developing requirements of a system, and then planning the work of design, production and operation of the system. We can say system engineering work is completed when the system is in operation.
Industrial engineering is concerned with the efficiency of the system and also with human effort involved in operating the system. In a system design and installation, number of functional engineering disciplines and specialized engineering disciplines are involved. Industrial engineering is a specialized engineering discipline involved in system design and installation. Industrial engineering also evaluates and improves efficiency of systems over a period of time as they are into operation.
What is the Purpose of a Cooling Tower?
A Cooling Tower is used with industrial applications that produce waste heat as a byproduct of their operations. These applications may include air-conditioning, manufacturing, and power generation. Cooling Towers provide an energy efficient and environmentally-friendly means of rejecting that waste heat, saving our natural bodies of water from receiving vast quantities of warm water that would threaten marine life and ecology. They work instead to dissipate evaporated water into the atmosphere, allowing wind and air circulation to diffuse the heat.
sahidhudheen
empower district cooling
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