Isotopes

There is no specific number; each element has another number of natural and artificial isotopes.

Mass number = Number of protons + Number of neutrons

For the isotope 241Am the mass number is 241; for 242Am is 242, for 243Am is 243, etc.

Americium has isotopes with mass numbers that range from 231 through 249.

Isotopes of hydrogen are similar in chemical properties; they react with chlorine to give hydrogen chloride. However, the physical properties show a difference; deutirium molecule has a higher boiling point than that of protium.

it must eject the extra nucleons and should be conveted into a stable isotope.

The band of stability is a way of viewing which isotopes of the elements are stable. If you make a graph of number of neutrons versus number of protons of the stable isotopes, you find that the stable isotopes make a thick curved line on the graph which is called the "band of stability." The lighter elements tend to have the number of neutrons equal to number of protons. The heavier elements tend to have more neutrons than protons. The band of stability can help you to predict the behavior of unstable radioactive isotopes as well, because you can predict which decay process will move the element closer to the "band of stability" so it will have the ideal ratio of neutrons to protons.

Elements that differ in atomic weight from other atoms of the same element (ie their atomic masses are different to each others due to a different number of neutrons) are known as isotopes. Example: carbon-14 which has 6 protons and 8 neutrons in its nucleus and an atomic mass of 14, as opposed to regular carbon (carbon-12) which has 6 protons and 6 neutronsin its nucleus, and an atomic mass of 12. Carbon-14is an isotope of carbon.

You can tell isotopes apart by the difference in there atomic mass numbers. Take for example the isotope Carbon-12. Carbon is the element name and 12 is the atomic mass of the element. The atomic mass number can (most?) always be changed, but the the atomic number ( the number above the Element symbol on the Periodic Table) cannot. Remember: The number of protons add by the number of neutrons equals the atomic mass number. The proton number = the atomic number, as of the number of electrons= the atomic number; hence the atomic number= number of proton = number of electron.

carbon 12

Radioactivity is indeed used to treat some types of cancer. Electron beams are used for surface cancers due to their lower energy. Proton beams and neutron beams are used to treat other hard to reach cancers. Carbon ion radiation is also sometimes used.

From 0 to 3 isotopes per element are stable.

There is no way to tell how many isotopes an element has. The only way to know is if you do some research and find out or if your teacher tells you!

Through neutron bombardment. Muons produce neutrons and isotopes can be naturally stabilized via muons

In an analogy, think of a baby's building blocks. Stock the blocks one on top of another. Eventually the tower of blocks becomes unstable and fall over. Radio-activity can be thought of in the same way. Protons( & Neutrons) stacked 'one on top of another'' become unstable when there are too many of them, hence the atom disintegrates(falls over). This is radio activity a larger atom breaking down into smaller atoms with the release of energy and particles.

Bromine is the only nonmetallic liquid element. It is a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid, volatilizing readily at room temperature to a red vapor with a strong disagreeable odor, resembling chlorine, and having a very irritating effect on the eyes and throat; it is readily soluble in water or carbon disulfide, forming a red solution, is less active than chlorine but more so than iodine.

It unites readily with many elements and has a bleaching action; when spilled on the skin it produces painful sores. It presents a serious health hazard, and maximum safety precautions should be taken when handling it.

Much of the bromine output in the U.S. was used in the production of ethylene dibromide, a lead scavenger used in making gasoline anti-knock compounds. Lead in gasoline, however, has been drastically reduced due to environmental considerations. This will greatly affect future production of bromine.

Bromine is used in making fumigants, flameproofing agents, water purification compounds, dyes, medicines, sanitizers, inorganic bromides for photography,etc.

Organic bromides are also important.

Bromine is prepared by a method which comprises contacting hydrogen peroxide with an aqueous solution containing bromide ion and rapidly removing the bromine as it is formed. This method is particularly suitable for obtaining bromine from seawater, using the conventional intermediate, bromosulfuric solution.

Hydrogen-2 is commonly referred to as deuterium, in addition to that it is known as Deuterium-1

Number of neutrons = Mass number - atomic number = 23 - 9 = 14

Differences between uranium isotopes: natural isotopes (U-234, U-235, U-238) and the artificial isotopes; differences in atomic mass; differences in the number of neutrons; differences of the half life; differences in the emitted radiations (type, energy, percentage); differences in the decay chain; differences in the technological importance; etc.

elements are isotopes, when different atoms of the same element have different number of neutrons

An example with a zinc isotope: 81Zn (mass number as superscript before the chemical symbol)

If it was fully radio-active at the beginning, after 5 hrs it is 50%, at 10 hrs it is 25%, at 15 hrs it is 12.5%, and at 20 hrs it is only 6.25% as radioactive as it was at the beginning.

The half-life of carbon is roughly 6000 years. That means that every 6000 years, the amount of Carbon halves. Therefore, in a million years, the amount of carbon-14 would be so low that it would be extremely difficult to determine the exact age of the shell. So radioactive elements of longer half-lives, such as Uranium-238(half-life of 4.9 billion years) are used to date older objects.