Isotopes

in russia

According to an Answers.com search for "Gustav Kirchhoff", the spectroscope was invented in Germany.

Sodium-23 and Sodium-22 are two isotopes of sodium. Na-23 is the only stable isotope of Sodium. Na-22 is one of the two isomers (the other of which is Na-24).

Chlorine has isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 32 to 40. There are two principal stable isotopes, 35Cl (75.77%) and 37Cl (24.23%), giving chlorine atoms in bulk an apparent atomic weight of 35.5 g/mol.

Different isotopes of the same element are usually considered not to be chemically different. The atoms of different isotopes of the same element differ only in mass, not in their electronic structure, and it's the electronic structure of an atom that determines its chemical properties.

A partial exception: hydrogen and its isotopes deuterium and tritium. Because the isotopes of hydrogen weigh twice and three times as much respectively, but have the same electronic structure, while they take part in the same chemical reactions, the reaction rates differ.

The stable carbon isotopes are carbon-12 & carbon-13. There are several other unstable isotopes.

Half-life (in units of time).
Half-Life is the rate of radioactive decay, measured in time. The half life gives the time it take for half of the radioactive atoms in a system to decay. Fore example, if you have 10 grams of carbon-14, it will take 5730 years for half of it to decay, giving you 5 grams. In another 5730 years, you'll have 2.5 grams left, etc...
Isotopes decay at an exponential rate. A half-life is the time that half of the population of an isotope will decay. The measure is a statistical probability and is more accurate when a large population is observed. The term half-life is applied to describe a property of a given isotope (i.e. the half-life of Carbon 14 is 5730).
half life

Isotopes have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons (they are the same element however).

Isotones have different numbers of protons, but the same number of neutrons, and are thus different elements.

It emits an electron and an antineutrino and increases by one in atomic number while ending up with one fewer neutrons, or it emits a positron and a neutrino and decreases by one in atomic number while ending up with one more neutron. In both cases the total number of protons and neutrons remains unchanged, and the number of orbital electrons will eventually change to match the new atomic number.

Yes Neon has isotopes from 16-34.

an isotope is a different form of that element. They just have different mass numbers/ atomic mass. Therefore having the same characteristics of the atom except for an increased/decreased number of neutrons. Isotopes have the same atomic number as each other.

There are about 33 isotopes of arsenic. Only one of them is stable, and that's 75 As 33. All the other isotopes are synthetic.

An atom of Sodium weighs the same as 23 protons.

subtract the number of protons from the number of electrons.

The above answer does not answer the question!!

Radioactive substances in the environment can harm cells, damage DNA, and cause cancer. If we take gamma rays, they kill living cells upon contact as they have high penetration power. But this doesn't mean that they are totally dangerous and can't be used by living things. We have to see the level of radioactive isotopes used in order to say they are dangerous to others. Low levels of radioactive isotopes is used in a sample and it becomes a tracer by which to detect molecular changes. Melvin Calvin and his coworkers used Carbon 14 to detect all the various reactions that occur during the process of photosynthesis. Radioactive isotopes are being used largely in the medical field. The high level of radioactive isotopes (radiation) has been used to sterilize medicine and dental products for many years. Now, it can be used to sterilize the US mail and other packages to free them of possible pathogens such as anthrax spores. In addition to this, cancer treatment through radioisotopes to destroy only cancer cells, with little risk to the rest of the body is another important use of radioactive isotopes.

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An isotope is an atom of a given element with a different mass. this means it must have a different number of neutrons, as changing the amount of protons would change the element. in short, an isotope is an atom with a special number of neutrons.

eg.

normal hydrogen-

1

H

1

deuterium (hydrogen with a neutron)

2

H

1

if you dont understand what im talking about just wiki it.

Isotopes are different forms of the element (they are therefore still elements).

For example - Carbon has 15 known isotopes, the stable ones being 12C and 13C.

All isotopes for the same element have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. This means isotopes have different properties, such as different weights - but are all still the same element.

Isotopes are identified by their mass numbers.

Rutherford stated that electrons orbits the nucleus. Thus if the electrons were orbiting the nucleus then they must be accelerating due to the centripetal force acting on it. This proved to be a flaw, due to Maxwell theory that electrons accelerating produces EMR which in turns would mean the electrons would loose energy and crash into the nucleus leading to a unstable atom. Which is not the case.

Every atom, ion, and isotope of the same element will have the same number of protons. Hydrogen has one proton.

Isotopes of the same element have different number of neutrons.

Radioactivity stems from the instability of the nucleus of a given atom. Remember that in an atomic nucleus, protons and neutrons are held together with nuclear glue or binding energy (1H being the exception). Protons don't like each other to begin with. But under the most extraordinary conditions (like in a star), protons and neutrons can be forced together and fused (fusion) to create more complex nuclei. And in a supernova, elements heavier than iron (the heaviest "regular" element that a star makes during "normal" fusion) are created. In all this "creativity" and among all the products that result, some atomic nuclei that are formed aren't really happy with their arrangement. They are unstable, and at some time in the future they will spontaneously break apart. In some arrangements of nucleons (the particles that make up an atomic nucleus, the protons and neutrons), the ratio of the two types of particles, the ratio of protons to neutrons, is one that "strains" the combinational power that holds them together and other arrangements are possible. It is the number and type of nucleons that make up a nucleus that determines how stable it is. There are many stable nuclei. There are many combinations that are not possible - they will never form, they cannot form - and then there are the unstable nuclei. The different numbers of protons and neutrons that make up a nucleus make for a different "dynamic" in each atomic nucleus in which they are confined. Some are structures that will stay together, and in some of the structures formed, the nucleons can "shift" and break the structure of the nucleus, thereby allowing the nucleons to move to a lower energy level state. In radioactive decay, a shift in the nuclear structure and the release of a particle (or particles) and/or energy, allows the remaining nucleons to "rewrite" the terms and conditions of their "confinement" in the nucleus. This spontaneous transition is what radioactive decay is. The possibilities are why some nuclei are stable and some are not, and why some are more stable than others. It is impossible to say when any given unstable atom will decay, but over a large number of them, an "avarage" rate of decay can be quantified. That will allow us to know the half life of that radionuclide.

This is actually a very, very easy question to answer. Now, all atoms of the same element have the same number of protons. Otherwise, they wouldn't be the same element. For instance, if lead had one more proton, it would be bismuth, a non-toxic shiny metalloid. If it had one less, it would be thallium: a deadly poison which was only recently found. Lead has 82 protons.

When the number is given by an element name (e.g. lead-204), it is also showing the atom's nucleus' mass number. Natural lead contains lead-204, lead-206, lead-207, and lead-208. Each of these contains the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons, hence the mass difference. To find the number of neutrons, N, we subtract the number of protons, Z, from the mass number, A.

So, 204 - 82 = 122.

Lead-204 contains 122 neutrons.

A. Cobalt-60

-Castlearning.

Cobalt 60 is diagnosed into the patient due to the thyroid disorder, since cobalt 60 is known for its small radioactivity and short half life the patient would be treated then cured in approximately 25 days. Cobalt 60 is also unique since it is a selected radioisotope with a nuclide and decay mode of alpha(known to treat cancer and in this case thyroid disorder).