Journalism

Background briefing in journalism refers to providing information to a journalist on a condition of anonymity. This allows the journalist to use the information for their reporting but without revealing the source or specific details that could identify the person providing the information. Background briefings are often used to give context or help the journalist better understand a story or issue.

"Spin" in journalism refers to the manipulation of information to shape public opinion or perception in favor of a specific agenda or bias. It may involve presenting facts selectively, using language to influence audience interpretation, or emphasizing certain aspects of a story while downplaying others. Spin can distort the truth and compromise the objective nature of reporting.

Writers in the Progressive Movement played a vital role in raising awareness about social issues such as corruption, inequality, and labor rights. Through their writings, they advocated for reform and inspired people to take action to address these issues. Writers like Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, and Lincoln Steffens used their platform to expose injustices and push for change in society.

1. Conventional or Summary Lead

a. Who Lead

b. What Lead

c. Why Lead

d. Where Lead

e. When Lead

f. How Lead

2. Grammatical Beginning Lead

a. Prepositional Phrase Lead

b. Gerundial phrase Lead

c. Participial phrase Lead

d. Infinitive phrase LEad

e. Clause Lead

3. Novelty Lead

a. Astonisher LEad

b. Background LEad

c. Contrast Lead

d. Epigram Lead

e. Picture LEad

f. Descriptive Lead

g. Parody LEad

h. One-Word Lead

i. Punch Lead

j. Question Lead

k. Quotation Lead

Sensationalism is a type of news reporting that distorts or exaggerates the facts to create sensation and attract readers. This style of reporting often focuses on emotional and shocking stories rather than providing a balanced and objective view of the news.

Media can sometimes exaggerate events or issues to attract more viewers or readers. Sensationalizing stories or focusing on extreme cases can distort the reality of a situation. It's important to consume news from a variety of sources to get a more balanced perspective.

Not as much as previously. The drug violence that is endemic and widespread has become a taboo subject in the press. Some reports say this is voluntary self censorship on the part of the news agencies, but the practice of censorship is corrosive and expansive. The marks a decline in Mexico's press freedom.

The full form of BJMC is Bachelor of Journalism and Mass Communication. It is an undergraduate degree program that focuses on providing students with knowledge and skills related to journalism, mass communication, and media studies.

Through the use of internet and telecommunication technologies, electronic has made it possible to have long distance learning, quick sharing of e-books and timely reception of results. In developing countries, implementing electronic education is expensive. Without internet connection, electronic learning can be impaired.

Some pioneering women journalists include Nellie Bly, known for her investigative reporting, Ida B. Wells, known for her work on civil rights and anti-lynching campaigns, and Barbara Walters, a trailblazer in broadcast journalism.

Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, a prominent Nigerian journalist and political leader, founded newspapers such as The West African Pilot, which played a significant role in advocating for Nigerian independence and promoting nationalist ideals. His contributions to journalism in Nigeria include fostering the growth of a free press and promoting nationalist consciousness among Nigerians through his writings and editorials.

Yes, media can be dangerous when it spreads misinformation, promotes harmful stereotypes, or glorifies violence. It can also have negative impacts on mental health, self-esteem, and behavior, especially in vulnerable populations like children and adolescents. It's important to critically evaluate the media we consume and seek out accurate and diverse sources of information.

Journalism is sometimes referred to as literature in a hurry because it involves quickly gathering and reporting information in a concise and accessible manner. Like literature, good journalism requires skilled writing and storytelling to engage and inform readers, but the immediacy and deadline-driven nature of journalism make it distinct from traditional forms of literature.

While being totally objective is an excellent ideal for a journalist, it is sometimes difficult to attain. Journalists may sincerely try to be fair and objective, but they are all influenced by their upbringing, their culture, and their experiences in life. It is fashionable to accuse journalists of political bias (this is not new-- such accusations have been made for several hundred years), but in truth, whether journalists are Democrats or Republicans or Independents in their personal life, they are trained to put that aside when reporting. And contrary to certain myths you may read on partisan websites, most serious journalists do make an effort to be objective as they cover the news. That said, some American journalists see their country more favorably than they see other countries, and that pro-American attitude can unintentionally influence reporting. (This is not just something that is a problem for American journalists; there are journalists from other countries who also see the world through the perspective of their own country.)

Because even the best journalists are human, some have biases they may not even realize they still have. For example, they may have been taught during childhood to be suspicious of certain minorities or certain ethnic groups, and although they will try to be fair as reporters, they may automatically expect that a certain group is more prone to crime than another group. We saw this after the Oklahoma City bombings in 1995, when many journalists immediately assumed the perpetrator was Muslim (he was not: he was a white, Christian male). For several centuries, southern white journalists were taught to associate crime with black people, and news stories in southern newspapers frequently focused on black crime, while under-reporting (or even rationalizing) crimes by people who were white.

There are also other cultural stereotypes: male journalists may have been taught certain things about women, and while these days, newsmen and newswomen work together without any problem, the two genders often have very different perspectives on issues, and for many years, male journalists believed women were not suited to cover issues like wars or crime. Similarly, on radio and TV, there was resistance from men about having women as anchors. It was a cultural belief that only the male voice sounded authoritative. Also, while journalists all try to adapt to changes in society, some older journalists may still feel uncomfortable reporting about social issues like contraception or gay marriage.

Many sources believe it was named after an 1890s cartoon character, the "Yellow Kid," a lower-class boy who was always getting into trouble. Other sources say the term "yellow journalism" was already in use at that time, referring to the use of scandal, exaggerated claims, and sensationalism to sell newspapers.

Reporters can protect themselves by thoroughly fact-checking information provided by sources, cross-referencing with other sources, and seeking multiple perspectives to ensure the accuracy of the information. Developing a network of reliable sources and maintaining transparency in reporting can also help mitigate the risks associated with sources who may have ulterior motives.

Electronic media and convergence have transformed journalism by enabling real-time reporting, multimedia storytelling, and reader engagement through social media. News consumption has become more personalized and on-demand as readers can access news anytime, anywhere on various devices. However, issues like misinformation, filter bubbles, and declining trust in media have also emerged due to the fast-paced nature of digital news.

Targets of muckraking journalism included corrupt politicians, abusive business practices, and social issues such as child labor and racial discrimination. Those not typically targeted were celebrities and public figures not involved in any controversies or wrongdoing.

a question lead is when the first sentence of a news article is a question. Usually these are considered cliche, and often editors have writers answer the question they ask and use that in place of the question lead.

Joseph Pulitzer is often referred to as the father of yellow journalism. He was a newspaper publisher known for sensationalist reporting that included exaggerated headlines and misleading stories to attract readers.

An independent fact-checking website or a publication known for its rigorous editorial standards are most likely to have a balanced bias. These sources strive to present information based on evidence and objectivity rather than promoting a specific agenda or ideology.

The two-source rule in journalism refers to the practice of requiring reporters to have information confirmed by at least two independent sources before publishing a story. This helps ensure accuracy and reduces the risk of spreading misinformation.

Yes, journalists often work on weekends, especially if they cover breaking news or work in a newsroom that operates 24/7. Weekend shifts may involve covering events, conducting interviews, writing stories, and keeping up with current events. Journalists need to be flexible with their schedules to stay on top of the news cycle.

Discriminating media refers to any form of media content that may promote bias, prejudice, or unfair treatment based on characteristics such as race, gender, sexuality, or religion. It can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and contribute to discrimination in society. Examples include hate speech, stereotypes, and misinformation that target specific groups of people.