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Learning Theories
A learning theory is an effort to give description on how a person learns, as well as animals, to understand the complex learning process. Learning theories fall on three philosophical frameworks or main categories: cognitivism, behaviorism and constructivism.
3,416 Questions
What is lower order thinking skills?
Lower order thinking skills include knowledge, memorization and comprehension. These skills are required to move into a higher order thinking. These skills are taught in school systems.
Difficulty in using the lips, tongue, and jaw indicate impaired oromotor function; this is a sign that may be present in up to 90% of preschool-aged children diagnosed with cerebral palsy. Signs of oromotor function impairment include, but are not limited to difficulty with:
- Speaking
- Swallowing
- Feeding/hewing
- Drooling
Speech requires proper intellectual and physical development. Cerebral palsy impairs the physical aspects of speaking by improperly controlling the muscles required to speak. Oromotor impairment can affect:
- Breathing - the lungs, and specifically the muscles controlling inhalation and exhalation necessary for proper speech patterns. The diaphragm and abdominal muscles are important for proper air flow and posture.
- Articulating - muscles controlling the face, throat, mouth, tongue, jaw, and palate all must work together to form the proper shape necessary for pronunciation of words and syllables.
- Voicing - vocal cords are controlled by muscles that essentially stretch the vocal folds between two regions of cartilage.
Apraxia, an inability of the brain to effectively transmit proper signals to the muscles used in speaking, is one type of speech impairment common to cerebral palsy. It is divided into two types:
- Verbal Apraxia - affects the articulation muscles, especially regarding the specific sequence of movements needed to carry out proper pronunciation. It is common in children with hypotonia.
- Oral Apraxia - affects the ability to make nonspeaking movements of the mouth, but is not related solely to speaking. Example of oral apraxia would be the inability to lick the lips, or inflate the cheeks.
Dysarthria is another speech impairment common to cerebral palsy. Like apraxia it is a neurological disorder, as opposed to a muscular condition. It is often found in disorders like cerebral palsy that result in hypertonia and hypotonia. Dysarthria is broken into the following subgroups:
- Ataxic Dysarthria - slow, erratic, inarticulate speech caused by poor breathing and muscular coordination
- Flaccid Dysarthria - nasal, whiny, breathy speech caused by the inability of the vocal chords to open and close properly. There may be difficulty with consonants.
- Spastic Dysarthria - slow, strenuous, monotone speech and difficulty with consonants
- Mixed Dysarthria - all three may be present.
Drooling is another sign of cerebral palsy that results from muscles in the face and mouth not being able to properly control coordination. Some specific factors which can contribute to drooling are impairments in:
- swallowing
- closing the mouth
- positioning the teeth
- inability to move saliva to back of mouth
- tongue thrusting
Feeding difficulties can be present with cerebral palsy. They typically manifest as decreased ability to chew and swallow, and may also involve choking, coughing, gagging, and vomiting.
What are the contributions of carl rogers in the curriculum designs?
Carl Rogers made contributions to the humanistic curriculum design. This is based on the principles of humanistic psychology. He thought that the curriculum should empower students. Teachers were to place importance on students' opinions and feelings.
The difference between vocation and career?
Career is a type of work you do or wish to do for most of your working life and vocation is a job which you do because you have a strong feeling that you want to do it, esp. in order to help other people (not because of money). Anastacia
How do you cite the strong interest inventory?
Strong, E. K., Jr., Donnay, D. A. C., Morris, M. L., Schaubhut, N. A., & Thompson, R. C. (2004). Strong Interest Inventory®, Revised Edition. Mountain View, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc.
Is mathimantics based on Comenius' mathetics?
What separates public schools from catholic and private schools?
Public schools are free and government operated, being paid for by tax money. Private schools are paid for entirely by the parents and are not government operated, however, they do need to meet government guidelines. Catholic schools are private schools that have a Catholic religious element to them.
Many people believe that private schools are better for learning, which I believe to be the case.
Is learning online better than traditional learning?
Yes online learning is far better than traditional learning as it removes boredom and lets the learner to learn in a more fun and interactive environment. This helps to learn the subject more effectively and faster.
How can you pay attention in school if you have ADHD?
by taking medicine which you can get subscribed by your doctor.
Have portfolios made the learning assessment process inconvenient?
no, rather, it enhances students ability in a more creative way.
Which characterizes contemporary curriculum for students with severe disabilities?
It is characterized by focusing on general needs and current needs that are needed for the immediate future and approaching milestones.
The straight line method assumes that the useful life of an asset is evenly distributed to its life, so results in a constant depreciation charge per year provided the estimated residual value remains constant over the life of the asset.
for example,
Asset's value = $100,000
useful life = 10 years
residual value = $20,000
depreciation per year = (100,000 - 20,000)/10
= $8000 per year
The diminishing balance method assumes that the asset is more useful on the early days and less useful in the later days, so it results in more depreciation charge in the early years and the charge decreases as the asset becomes old.
for example,
Asset's value = $100,000
residual value = $20,500
depreciation rate = 10%
useful life = 15 years
depreciation year 1. (100,000 * 10%) = 10,000
depreciation year 2. (100,000 - 10,000 W1) * 10% = 9000
depreciation year 3. (100,000 - 19,000 W2)* 10% = 8100
depreciation year 4. (100,000 - 27,100 W3)* 10% = 7290
W1 = depreciation of year 1
W2 = depreciation of year 1 and year 2 combined
W3 = depreciation of year 1, year 2 and year 3 combined
Why is perception a complex process?
Perception is a complex process because it can be far different from reality. It can also vary from person to person. As individuals, each person's perception can be different.
glittering generalities!! :)
How do gadgets affect the study habits of students?
you can't focus well on your studies. You might have a low grade
Aspect of growth in self development?
1. learning
2. acquired
3. confidence
4. developing skills
5. exploring
Pedagogy is the art or profession of what?
Pedagogy is the process fo teaching, or the use of instructive strategy
How do location and teacher characteristics affect academic performance?
Learning is natural but "education" is a human construct.
A lot of people's teaching approach still the same it was actually designed back in the 18th century: a factory-minded model were "one size fits all". But later research (and heck a lot of common sense) has proved that teaching HAS to be valued by those receiving it and highly contextualized in order to be effective. Ignoring the importance of context (like teaching Allan Poe's poetry in Ghana) or people's values towards education (like teaching in a community where "educated" is the unpleasent equivalent of "acting white") is pretending to sow without plowing the terrain; is to ignore the properties of the soil we are trying to groom our seed. "Location" affects every imaginable aspect of education... and yes, that includes "academic performance"
(What a is "academic performance" but a mere quantification of something that has proved not to depict the student intelligence or later success in life?)
How does "teacher's characteristics" affect academic performance? The same way aseller's characteristics affect the buyers behavior: because we are not mere machines and because students are not mere objects... empty jars meant to be filled with whatever trash we want to fill them with disregarding the emotional factor of the teacher-student interaction. Take a walk arround the Roshenthal-Jacobson experiments (where teacher's mind-set and expectations has proved to have a direct impact on students performance) and improve your education approach beyond "grades" and the so-called "academic performance" standarts. We really need that.
What is cyclic model of curriculum?
Cyclical Model includes elements from both the rational and dynamic models but is basically an extension of the rational models which are essentially logical and sequential in approach.
In the Cyclical Models, curriculum is a continuous cycle responding to the changes within education where any new information or practice will bring changes.
Cyclical models undertake situational analysis whereby the context or situation in which curriculum decisions are to be taken is thoroughly studied. This helps curriculum developers take correct decisions thus encouraging active participation of staffs in school based curriculum.
The communicative approach to language teaching presents the language in realistic situations and focuses on usage and semantics rather than the traditional formal structure. This allows students to more easily communicate verbally, but can result in a lack of written skills.
