Linux

The password of the 7zip file archive deoends on the actiual owner of the file. Still if you want to unlock 7zip file password then go for eSoftTools 7z Password Unlocker Tool. It can can restore any type of pasword with any length including non-English and English characters Get full information here: https://www.esofttools.com/7z-password-recovery.html

ls (ie lower case LS)

In DOS: dir

If there are many files in the directory, type, "dir/p/o" ...this will stop the listing when the page fills up and list them in alphabetical order... press any key to continue to the next page of listed files.

If you're only interested in the name of the files (not the date/size etc.) you can add /B

The Linux superuser is called "root." There is very little root cannot do. This is why it is a Very Bad Idea to do anything as root unless absolutely necessary. Use sudo instead with commands that need it.

The swirl used as Debian's logo refers to "magical smoke." When you blow up a computer, the "magical smoke" is released, and the computer no longer works. Debian is meant to be part of the magical smoke that makes your computer work.

None. Swap is to be put on the hard disk.

Do NOT mistake secondary storage for "physical RAM." Physical RAM is actually the term used in context of the actual system memory in your computer.

Also, Linux 2.4 is an ancient codebase, obsolete kernel version that isn't even supported by kernel.org anymore. You should be using 2.6.32.61 or later.

Finally, the rule of thumb is 1.5 times the amount of physical RAM. So, if I have 4 GiB of system memory, then I'll make a 6 GiB swap partition.

Generally the default behavior of the 'ls' command will list them in alpha order.

There is no one "current Linux operating system" due to the fact that Linux is developed and distributed in various forms by many different individuals and corporations. The current version of Linux depends on which of these "distributions" you are interested in installing.

For example, a popular distribution of Linux tailored for use as a Desktop system is Ubuntu (www.ubuntu.com), which is distributed by the company Canonical. The current release of Ubuntu is 8.04, which was released in April this year.

There are literally hundreds of distributions freely available online, but other distributions which are of note in the desktop arena include Fedora (www.fedoraproject.org), openSUSE (www.opensuse.org) and Debian (www.debian.org), each of which have their own advantages and disadvantages. Each distribution has its own release schedule, but you can find out what the current version is (and download it) from the official websites.

No. Windows is pretty much the only operating system that cares about primary vs. logical partitions when it comes to booting. Linux will happily live in logical partitions.

That being said, with UEFI becoming that standard, logical vs. primary partitions aren't even going to be concepts anymore, as the GPT scheme doesn't limit partition counts the same way as MBR, allowing hundreds of primary partitions, way more than even highly specialized applications would ever need.

No, none of the passwords used in a Linux system can be "recovered" because there isn't a reverse encryption for it.

However, you can "reset" the root password by using the single-user mode at boot time (which puts you in the root account automatically) and then changing at that time.

Nobody. Code is contributed by and remains the property of the many volunteers and employees of various companies.

It is a kernel version that enables realtime.

The Linux kernel itself does not include a GUI. However, most Linux distributions have one.

Yes, Linux have a GUI.Today many kind of vendor available in Linux Like Redhat fedora,Ubuntu,Suse, Mandriva and many more. Those Linux version provide Cmd and GUI mode for work.

Microsoft

While any unassigned and high level port could be used for SSH it is typically assigned to port 22 on a standard setup.

You would need to set up forwarding on that port on your router to the internal IP address in question.

The default runlevel is specified in /etc/inittab. There is no universally accepted runlevel that is specified as the "default." Red Hat and Fedora use 3 or 5, Ubuntu uses 2, Mandriva and SUSE use 5, and Gentoo uses 3. Some (a relatively small number) Linux distros do not use a SysV init style, and thus have no runlevels at all.

Linux began its life in mid-1991, and reached 1.0 in 1994.

The current version of the Linux kernel is 2.6, which came to its first release in 2003, though the most up to date 2.6 kernels don't resemble the original 2.6 kernel much. To the point the first two version numbers are pretty meaningless. As for the rest... the third number increments and the kernel gets a feature release every 3 months, which will introduce some new features, change others, and remove some. The fourth number will release frequently, but with no set pattern aside from the patch being "ready." Patch releases are purely for bug fixes.

There are older versions of the kernel available effectively for long term support purposes. They are often considered very stable and will generally only be used on servers and distributions without a very rapid release schedule.

Current stable kernel version: 2.6.38.5.

Most applications are available at your distribution's repositories, however depending on the kind of distribution, you may have the option to use user-created repositories that allow you to use applications or dependencies that offer features the official packages do not have, or that the official packages are not offered due to legal issues (some distributions have a strict policy against including non-free/proprietary software in their repositories).

Windows costs money, but Ubuntu is Linux-based and free. Ubuntu is one of many distributions, or versions, of Linux. Personally, I like Linux better than Windows but Windows programs can't run natively on Linux (and vice versa) so many Linux users still use windows because they need to run certain programs. Compatibility/"emulation" (in quotes because it isn't true emulation) is available in the form of the Linux program WINE (stands for WINE Is Not an Emulator). Linux, in general, is not intended for those who are not experienced with computers, and the sterotypical Linux users are computer programmers. However, several more recent distributions have broken this mold, including Ubuntu. Ubuntu is a very user-friendly distribution, and an excellent place for someone curious about starting with Linux to start. Personally, I prefer the distribution openSuSe, but it requires a slightly higher experience level with Linux to use effectively.

Yes. The KDE 4 desktop includes desktop widgets / gadgets.

There are a few differences.

1. In Windows, each seperate filesystem is accessed independently of the other through drive letters. In Linux, each seperate filesystem gets mounted and integrated into one unified filesystem tree.

2. Windows only really supports a few filesystems, primarily NTFS. Linux supports a wide range of filesystems: ext2, ext3, ext4, btrfs, zfs, jfs, reiserfs, ntfs, etc.

3. Both are capable of supporting loadable filesystem drivers, but Linux has better support for it by far. Also, Linuxhas a filesystem driver called "FUSE" which allows filesystems to be made available through userspace.

4. Linux makes use of pseudofilesystems. Windows doesn't. Because Linux follows the Unix philosophy of everything being a file, Linux can abstract a great deal of things into filesystems, and already does for /dev, /proc, and /sys.

5. Linux core file permissions are more simple but usually more effective than Windows'. The vanilla Linux permissions have three contexts: User, Group, and Others, with three permissions for each: Read, write, and execute. Furthere, three special permissions applied to the file globally, sticky, suid, and guid.

6. Linux has full linking capability, both hard and soft links. Windows has a pretty limted linking capability, bt most users will end up using the "shortcuts" system instead, which is not so capable. With Linux, soft links behave for all intents and purposes as if they *are* the file or directory they point to, meaning even most software apps will make use of them as if they are the real thing, something that cannot be said for Windows shortcuts, which for the most part are almost completely ignored by most software. Finally, a note on hard links: Hard links are different from soft links in that they actually ARE the file itself. Hard links are an actual inode (Filesystem metadata.) reference to the file data itself, virtually indistinguishible from the "original" file. This is not the same as a copy, as a copy actually is that, a copy, where the data is actually duplicated. In this case it quite literally is the file or directing existing in multiple places at the same time on the filesystem. The disadvantage is that hard links do not work across filesystems, largely because an inode cannot really know the contents of another filesystem without a lot of outside help, such as RAID.

7. Windows fragments a lot. Linux hardly fragments unless there's chronic space problems or lots of saving and deleting. This is largely based on how the two operating systems format their filesystems. For the most part, no OS really has the same sort of control over where any data is physically placed on a disk, as the hard disk controller itself, but an OS can influence where the data is placed based on the data structures they specify to the hard disk controller. This problem is far less pronounced in Windows as it used to be, however.

8. Windows doesn't provide any real native loop interfacing with virtual media, such as disk images. Linux does, in the "loop" driver, allowing one to store an entire filesystem in a normal file and mount it as if it were a disk. Windows has third party utilities that can do this, but most of them only support ISO images. This allows Linux to give users handy ways to encrypt and store data in ways Windows can't even begin to approach.

9. Finally, swap space: Windows and Linux approach this in fundamentally different ways. Windows uses a file to store swap data right on the system partition, allowing it to grow and shrink, contributing to overall fragmentation. Linux, on the other hand, Makes an entire partition for swap data. Though in many cases with RAM being as large as it is today and the level in which Linux kees its memory usage down many Linux users don't use swap at all. Linux *can* deploy a swap file like Windows using the loop interface mentioned above, but it's really just better to set aside about 5 GiB of your hard disk to swap (Hard disks are large and cheap, so dedicated swap space is hardly costly to most users.

The source of the Linux kernel, as well as most programs that run on it, is publicly available. You can edit the source with any text editor, although you may prefer one with syntax highlighting. The configuration files necessary to actually operate Linux are also editable with a standard text editor.