Linux

It is a Linux distribution created from scratch. It's originated from Greece and the target user group is everybody. Visit www.osarena.net

Programming Linux Games was created in 2001-08.

It's file permission. The first flag is not on, so that means it's a file.

The first group is rwx, which equates to octal 7, means read, write, and execute (run) permissions are granted, and so is the rest. (in chmod, you would type this as chmod 777 <file>)

This means that this file with permission 777 everybody that can access, overwrite, and run the file (as a program).

This will depend on the distribution. Most Linux distributions allow you to assume root by simply entering "su", followed by your password. Ubuntu-based distributions disable the root account by default, and you are expected to use the "sudo" command before any command that requires root privileges (ie. sudo rm -rf /). You can gain a root shell by entering "sudo su", followed by your password.

System-wide configuration files are usually found in /etc. Personalized configuration files are stored in the user's home directory, in files and subdirectories preceded by a "." in their name.

There are no standardized commands for backing up a Linux system. Backup methods can range from dd to RAID to one of various backup utilities.

grep '\<h.*o\>'

Yes. There is a Linux version available for download on the product's website.

Simply press down the shift key for an upper case character. Release the shift key for a lower case character - as you appeared to have done to 'How' and 'Linux' in your question.

I'm not sure of what you mean by "Exploitation System", but LINUX has its roots in UNIX. UNIX was developed in the late 1960s by engineers at Bell Labs. First draft was written in assembly, but was then re-written in C which made it portable to different computing hardware. It has branched into different disciplines being further developed by the team at ATT as well as other institutions. Several students graduating from Berkley University used writing additional commands for the UNIX operating system as final projects to make or boost their grades. It was called BSD. This led to a kind of mish-mash command structure where the command line switches were given arbitrary ASCII codes that made sense to the programmer alone. Using early UNIX based operating systems was truly an exercise in memory.

Several companies have made their own versions of UNIX, each of which has standardized the commands and command switch structure to their own flavor. Some wrote a GUI layer to allow mouse driven user input.

Having UNIX or LINUX based operating systems in circulation is a good thing. It's a little late coming. It would have had a far greater effect on the computing community today if a graphic based version were available around same time Windows became a reality. If it had, the using community would have tried both, back when graphic driven operating systems were introduced. This could have only made the products better in quality. Competition drives ingenuity, and if Microsoft and Intel would have had level competition from the beginning, the hardware in front of you, and operating systems driving them, would have been at an entirely different level today.

1-the Fat must be saved totally in the Main memory,but only the I-node musst be saved in the main memory

2-with i-node faster searchind an accessing a data block

3-i-node area is only accesible by the Operating system

Yes.

"Mode?" They're two separate operating systems.

If you're in a dual-boot, you simply reboot and select Windows instead of Linux from the boot menu.

Adobe does make a few programs available for Linux, namely Adobe Flash Player and Adobe Acrobat Reader. Adobe does not make programs like Adobe Flash or Photoshop available for Linux, and recent versions of these programs do not work in Wine.

There probably are several, but I use 'cal' as a quick means.

• shutdown -r now

Yes, it it optional, but often highly recommended, to make sure the image will behave as expected, or even to run at all.

there are too many

Gnome, unity, kde, ....

Unix and Linux have a common command structure, similar command shell environments, common set of standard utility programs, games, development tools, functions, manual (help) file format. They do not have a common history.

The Unix System Program was original developed at Bell Laboratories by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson in 1969. It was the property of AT&T (or some branch of it), was free with source to educational institutions and was later offered commercially for DEC PDP computers for 12 to 20 thousand dollars and more depending on the installed computers. Unix and BSD (a free derivative of UNIX) were licensed and ported to various other systems vendors such as DEC (ultrix, osf/1, TRU64. etc), SUN (sunos), Microsoft (xenix), IBM (AIX), HP (HPux), Apple (OSx), and many more. BSD itself had a whole bunch of different free implementations under a BSD license.

There was also a lawsuit between BSD and Novell (which had purchased ownership of UNIX) claiming BSD should not be giving away BSD UNIX for free. It ended with BSD allowed to continue its free licensing after making some changes to its software base.

Linux was a result of an independent project by Linus Torvald with a small group of independent hackers that became very popular. He developed a kernel system program that was compatible with UNIX but was written independently of UNIX, had no UNIX code in it, was not subject to a UNIX licensing issues, and was distributed under a GPL license. The Linux kernel together with some independently written programs, together with many free programs borrowed from BSD constitute a Linux distribution.

There aren't any errors specific to Linux. Linux has the same types of bugs found in every other operating system.

There's no such thing as a "file editor." That would imply that all files used the exact same format and thus could all be edited from a single program. This is simply not the case.

An ATI Linux Driver can be purchased from the AMD website. These drivers are quite expensive and typically cost between $1,600 and $2,000. The exact price will depend on the specifications needed.

A virtual terminat is merely one of the many ways to gain access to a shell in Linux. Usually when a Linux user refers to one, they mean the consoles that can be activated and used through CTRL+ALT+[F1 through F6], as opposed to a TERMINAL EMULATOR, which are usually the "terminal" programs used for accessing a shell from a window manager or desktop environment.

A workspace, on the other hand, is often a term used by certain window managers and desktop environments to refer to virtual desktops. A common feature of *nix GUIs is "multiple desktops" allowing you to organize and spread your applications across more space. They are not like VTs at all. One virtual desktop will still be running in the exact same session as another, and applications running therein will not be in a different session. Further, GUIs in Linux are often VTs, themselves, usually TTY7 through TTY12, whereas CLIs will be on TTY1 through TTY6.

Linux from scratch is a book describing how to create and build your own Linux distribution from nothing, building every package from source and installing it.

I don't know about GNOME 2.32 specifically, but Debian Stable (At least until Wheezy becomes Stable.) still uses GNOME 2.

If you want to remain using a GNOME 2-like interface on a current-version Linux distribution, I recommend MATE. MATE is a fork of GNOME 2, pretty much exists because GNOME 3 is too far a departure from GNOME 2 for many people.