Local Area Network

Class C

A network card, network adapter, network interface card or NIC is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network. It is an OSI model layer 2 item because it has a MAC address. Every network card has a unique 48-bit serial number called a MAC address, which is written to ROM carried on the card. Every computer on a network must have a card with a unique MAC address. The IEEE is responsible for assigning MAC addresses to the vendors of network interface cards. No two cards ever manufactured should share the same address. Whereas network cards used to be expansion cards to plug into a computer bus, most newer computers have a network interface built into the motherboard A separate network card is not required unless multiple interfaces are needed or some other type of network is used. The card implements the electronic circuitry required to communicate using a specific physical layer and data link layer standard such as ethernet or token ring. This provides a base for a full network protocol stack, allowing communication among small groups of computers on the same LAN and large-scale network communications through routable protocols, such as IP. There are four techniques used for transfer of data, the NIC may use one or more of these techniques. * Polling is where the microprocessor examines the status of the peripheral under program control. * Programmed I/O is where the microprocessor alerts the designated peripheral by applying its address to the system's address bus. * Interrupt-driven I/O is where the peripheral alerts the microprocessor that its ready to transfer data. * DMA is where the intelligent peripheral assumes control of the system bus to access memory directly. This removes load from the CPU but requires a separate processor on the card. A network card typically has a twisted pair, BNC, or AUI socket where the network cable is connected, and a few LEDs to inform the user of whether the network is active, and whether or not there is data being transmitted on it. The Network Cards are typically available in 10/100/1000 Mbit/s. This means they can support a transfer rate of 10 or 100 or 1000 Mbit/s.

Port 69 and UDP are used for tftp transmissions.

Most switches and routers these days allow for a standard straight through cable to connect each other. (So any CAT 5e or 6 cable you find at Best Buy will be fine)

Older devices (Such as a Cisco 2900xl switch) require a cross over cable to connect like devices such as a switch to switch. These cables can also be found at Best Buy and will be clearly labeled "Cross Over".

There are two different standards of straight through cables if making your own. See the related link.

To make a cross over cable, wire one end with the A standard and the other with the B standard.

100 meters.

UDP is used for those applications that require speed, not quality of transmission. This would include streaming audio and video, and Voip. If you lose a packet or two it doesn't make a great deal of difference compared to file transfer protocol, where everything must arrive correctly.

These are called protocols - a standard set of rules for common communications across networks.

A rollover cable with a RJ-45 connector will plug into a console port on a Cisco device, the other end can be a DB-9 connector or another RJ-45 that can plug into an adapter.

It is more expensive and sophisticated as compared to a peer to peer network, can take more troubleshooting, and usually requires a dedicated network administrator which sufficient training to manage the network (comes down to cost).

Plus, the software to manage the network is more complex and can be more costly (in a non-open-systems area).

Supernetting 140.128.0.0 (10001100 10000000 00000000 0000000 0

A Wide Area Network is a connection between two or more network LAN segments that are a distance apart, usually too far apart to be connected as just 1 LAN. They may connect networks in different cities, countries, etc., over a wide distance.

Where are they found? All over the world, wherever the connections on a wide distance are required.

62.5/125 Fiber

Class B - 255.255.0.0

according to harrison jugarap ahhm no comment daw ui chaka kaau ka ba jejejeje^_^

• tracking transmitted data
• acknowledging received data
• Retransmitting acknowledge data

For an Ethernet network, each computer needs a network card and a network cable. You also need a switch - each computer will be connected to the switch.

For a wireless network, you don't need cables (that's the whole idea of wireless!), but each computer needs a wireless network card instead. Instead of the switch, you would use a wireless access point.

A host on a network is generally a device with a unique mac address (hardware address, set at the factory)

It can be a PC with a network device, a network switch, a printer etc etc

hosts can have an IP address mapped to their mac address's

Either...

A) Your computer isn't hooked up to a LAN or Cable Modem.

B) Your computer doesn't have a set internet preference (ic. Wireless/Airport, Ethernet, Cable modem etc) or

c) Your computer isn't internet ready, it would have to be ancient. xD

A) Lan Cable Meter

B) Multimeter

C) Plug it into a PC or laptop and try to connect to the internet

star topology,bus topology,ring topology,mesh topology etc...

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) are two very popular Distance Vector routing protocols

bus topology, ring topology

It's when you have to use a wire(s) to connect two computers.

a gateway can translate information between different networks data formats or network architecture. most gateways operate at the application layer. it can also be operated on network or session layer. by: talha jamal and farhan moin (kinpoe)