Microprocessors

The cost of Quad core processors depends on the brand. AMD sells them for cheaper i.e. $170 whereas Intel sells them for a little more cost i.e. $199. I personally feel AMD is better as it gives the same result at a better price.

The ANSI SPARC architecture is a framework for database management systems that defines a three-level schema architecture: external, conceptual, and internal. The external level describes how users view the data, the conceptual level provides a unified view of the entire database, and the internal level details how the data is physically stored. This separation allows for data abstraction and independence, enabling changes at one level without affecting others. The implementation of this architecture helps in managing complexity and enhancing data security and integrity in database systems.

A microprocessor's Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs mathematical operations (like addition and subtraction) and logical operations (such as AND, OR, NOT) on binary data. The Control Unit (CU) orchestrates the execution of instructions by fetching them from memory, decoding them, and directing the ALU and other components to carry out the required tasks. Together, the ALU and CU enable the microprocessor to execute programs by processing data based on the instructions provided. Their coordinated operation allows the microprocessor to perform complex computations efficiently.

The programmer.

The CPU typically performs three main types of micro-operations: register transfer operations, arithmetic operations, and logical operations. Register transfer operations involve moving data between registers, while arithmetic operations perform calculations like addition and subtraction. Logical operations deal with bitwise operations, such as AND, OR, and NOT. These micro-operations are fundamental to executing instructions and processing data within the CPU.

The 8255 microprocessor, also known as the Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI), has three 8-bit ports: Port A, Port B, and Port C. These ports can be configured for input or output operations, allowing for flexible interfacing with other devices. Additionally, Port C can be split into two 4-bit ports (C1 and C2) for more granular control. Overall, the 8255 provides versatile connectivity options for interfacing with peripheral devices.

Microcontrollers typically integrate several components into a single chip, including a central processing unit (CPU), memory (both RAM and ROM or flash), input/output (I/O) ports, and various peripherals like timers, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), and communication interfaces (such as UART, SPI, or I2C). This integration allows for compact design and efficient performance in embedded systems. Additionally, some microcontrollers may include specialized hardware for tasks like PWM generation or motor control.

CPUs use normal electronic components to form what amounts to banks of switches. Inherent in small electronic circuits like CPUs is capacitance. Capacitance occurs when any two conductors are brought close together. Capacitance stores charge so, in order to turn a switch on or off, the capacitance must be drained or charged. The more the capacitance, the slower the switch and the slower would be the CPU. In order to charge and discharge capacitance, high currents are drawn in and out of the switches. The higher the current, the faster the switch. Because most of the activity in a computer occurs in the CPU, the switches must be really fast to very high currents are used. The higher the current, the more heat is generated. If CPUs were not cooled, they would simply get extremely hot and burn out.

Maximal clock speed.

8085: ?

8085A: 3 MHz

8085AH: 5 MHZ

research flip-flop circuits.

deleting files that have been downloaded involuntarily (eg images that have been on sites you have viewed, or scripts that have been running) the cache is useless, clearing it frees up memory

* Direct * Register Indirect * Based Mode * Indexed Mode * Scaled Indexed Mode * Based Indexed mode * Based scaled indexed mode * Based Indexed mode with displacement * Based scaled indexed mode with displacement

A DMA (Direct Memory Access) controller is a device that can request control of the memory bus from the CPU, and then transfer data to or from memory without the support of the CPU. It is often used in high speed I/O, such as hard drives, because polled and interrupt modes incur too much overhead.

The work of an alu is that it supplies the information and resutls fo computation to the outside world. Thus it links the computer with the external enviornment. As computers work with binary code, the results produced are also in the binary form. Hence, before supplying the results to the outside world it must be converted to human acceptable form. This task is accomplished by units called output interfaces.