Nuclear Physics

Antimatter is a type of matter that has the opposite properties of normal matter. When a particle of matter meets its corresponding antiparticle, they annihilate each other, releasing a large amount of energy in the process. Antimatter is rare in the universe and is mostly created in high-energy environments like particle accelerators.

B. The name of the element does not change during beta decay. The atomic number (Z) increases by one unit as a neutron is converted to a proton, while the mass number (A) remains the same.

Alpha particles from Thorium-232 decay have very low penetration power and can typically travel only a few centimeters in body fluids. This means that the surrounding tissues within a short distance of the particle's source would be affected by its radiation.

There are 4 different types of decay, the first is alpha decay this releases a helium nucleus ( 2 protons and 2 neutrons) the second is a beta particle also known as an electron. The third is beta minus decay which is a positron, it is the same as an electron in every way except it has a positive charge where as an electron has a negative charge. The last is gamma decay, which releases a gamma ray, this is a type of electromagnetic wave.

When C-6 (carbon-6) emits a beta particle, it becomes nitrogen-6 (N-6) as a result of beta decay. Beta decay involves the transformation of a neutron into a proton within the nucleus, causing the element to change.

A fissile nucleus is an atomic nucleus that is capable of undergoing fission when bombarded by neutrons. This process releases a large amount of energy, making fissile nuclei important for nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Examples of fissile nuclei include uranium-235 and plutonium-239.

Branching decay occurs in the thorium series because there are multiple pathways for the decay of thorium nuclei. Thorium can decay through alpha decay, beta decay, gamma decay, and other processes, leading to different end products with varying probabilities. These branching decay pathways contribute to the overall complexity of the thorium decay chain.

1. Short-range: nuclear forces act over distances on the scale of atomic nuclei, typically less than 1 femtometer.
2. Strong: nuclear forces are the strongest forces in nature, holding protons and neutrons together in the nucleus through the exchange of mesons.
3. Saturated: nuclear forces are saturating, meaning they do not depend on the number of nucleons interacting but act equally between all pairs of nucleons.

They can be. Some radioactive elements are chemical poisons, apart from their radioactivity, but beyond some fairly low level, the radiation itself can damage cells and tissues. High radiation doses can cause biological tissues (that's US!) to break down fairly quickly causing rapid death, and moderate radiation doses can cause cancers which can kill you over longer time periods.

Low doses of radiation are probably harmless; the level of "low" is a matter of some dispute among scientists and doctors.

When Fr-223 undergoes alpha decay, it emits an alpha particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons. This transforms the nucleus into a different element with atomic number decreased by 2 and atomic mass number decreased by 4.

The change in mass number from 211 to 207 after a decay is due to the emission of an alpha particle, which consists of two protons and two neutrons. When an alpha particle is emitted during radioactive decay, the mass number decreases by 4 and the atomic number decreases by 2.

Yes, nuclear cross section is typically measured in barns, where 1 barn is equal to 1×10^-28 square meters. The barn unit is used because nuclear cross sections are typically very small and measuring them in square meters would result in very small decimal values.

No, a critical mass does not require enriched uranium. A critical mass is the minimum amount of fissile material needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction. While enriched uranium is a commonly used fissile material for nuclear reactions, other materials such as plutonium can also achieve criticality.

The main product of 23191Pa undergoing alpha decay is 22789Ac (Actinium-227). This occurs when a helium nucleus (an alpha particle) is emitted from the nucleus of 23191Pa, resulting in a decrease in atomic number by 2 and a decrease in mass number by 4.

No, the nucleus does not change its overall charge when emitting beta and gamma particles simultaneously. Beta particles are high-energy electrons or positrons emitted during beta decay, whereas gamma particles are high-energy photons emitted during gamma decay. Both types of particles are neutral, so the overall charge of the nucleus remains the same.

No. Cell phone radiation is radio waves in the Megahertz and Gigahertz frequencies. This does not break up molecules in your body. Cell phone radiation is harmless. Solar radiation is infra red, visible light and ultraviolet light which can burn you and break up molecules on your skin, and also particle radiation which can break up molecules deep in your body.

The power formula for radioactivity is given by P = λ*N, where P is the power, λ is the decay constant, and N is the number of radioactive atoms. This formula represents the rate at which energy is released by radioactive decay.

Radium-226 does not decay by beta decay. It decays by alpha decay to radon-222.

Alpha decay was discovered in 1899 by Ernest Rutherford, who observed that certain radioactive elements emitted alpha particles. Beta decay was discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel and later studied by Ernest Rutherford and others, who noticed that certain radioactive elements emitted beta particles. These discoveries were important in understanding the nature of radioactivity and led to further research in nuclear physics.

control rods APEX USERS

When uranium-235 is added to natural uranium, it increases the overall percentage of uranium-235 in the mixture. This can make the uranium more suitable for use in nuclear reactors or weapons, as uranium-235 is more fissile (more easily split by neutrons) than uranium-238.

12.5%

the type of isotope

X-rays are not a type of nuclear radiation. They are a type of electromagnetic radiation.