Particle Physics

Valence electrons can be found in the s and p orbitals in an atom. The s orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons, while the p orbitals can hold a maximum of 6 electrons. This arrangement allows for a maximum of 8 valence electrons in an atom.

Quarks must combine in twos or threes because of the strong nuclear force that governs their interactions. This force is what binds quarks together to form larger particles, such as protons and neutrons. Combining in twos or threes is the most stable configuration due to the way the strong force operates in the quantum realm.

We now know there are are six quarks (or called flavours of quarks), which are grouped into 3 pairs (or generations); up & down, charmed & strange and top and bottom. It is these fundamental particles which form neutrons, protons etc, which are collectively known as hadrons, (it is mainly the up and down which form the world around us). The quarks are peculiar as they posses a charge which is a fraction of that for the electron. There are two types of hadron, the Baryon which is a system of three quarks (e.g. the proton) or Mesons, a two quark system containing a quark - antiquark pair (e.g. the pion or pi-meson).

Leptons are particles such as muons and electrons, there are 6 leptons in total, each with their anti-lepton counterpart. For the electron, muon and taon (which are referred to as different flavours of the lepton) there is a corresponding neutrino (a lepton) associated with it.

Difference between the two: Leptons do not participate in the strong interaction and are generally not seen within the nucleus.

Bosons are often force carrier particles (these are typically referred to as gauge bosons). In the prevailing Standard Model of physics, the photon is one of four gauge bosons in the electroweak interaction; the other three are denoted W+, W− and Z0 and are responsible for the weak interaction.

Particle accelerators measure properties of particles such as mass, charge, energy, and momentum. They can also be used to study fundamental forces, particle interactions, and the structure of matter at a subatomic level.

The element with 14 protons in the nuclei of its atoms is silicon, with the atomic number 14.

Yes, an example of an electrostatic force acting in an atom is a proton attracting an electron. This attraction occurs due to the opposite charges of the proton (positive) and the electron (negative), leading to the electrostatic force of attraction between them.

The nucleus of hydrogen-3 (tritium) contains one proton and two neutrons, so there is one up quark in the proton.

Subatomic particles were discovered through experiments involving the interaction of matter with various forms of radiation, such as beta particles, gamma rays, and alpha particles. Scientists like J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, and James Chadwick played integral roles in the discovery of electrons, protons, and neutrons, respectively. Their contributions to the field of atomic and nuclear physics helped unravel the nature of subatomic particles and their properties.

Protons, neutrons, and electrons are the three main subatomic particles in an atom. Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus while electrons orbit around the nucleus. They have different properties and roles in determining the characteristics of an element.

Protons have a positive charge, electrons have a negative charge, and neutrons have no charge (neutral).

The electronic configuration of chromium is 2,8,8,6.

Quarks are subatomic particles that are found within protons and neutrons, which are two of the building blocks of an atom's nucleus. Quarks are never found in isolation; they are always bound together in groups of two or three inside these larger particles.

Static electricity is the build-up of electric charge on the surface of an object. When certain materials are rubbed together, electrons can transfer from one material to another, causing one material to become positively charged and the other to become negatively charged. These charges can create a visible spark or cause objects to attract or repel each other.

Radium has 88 electrons. The number of neutrons is different for each isotope:

Number of neutrons = Atomic mass - 88

The most stable and known isotope of radium, 226Ra, has 138 neutrons.

A object smaller than a quark has been found but not directly. This object is the singularity at the centre of every black hole. This is a place where all the laws of physics, mathematics or anything else break down and are cast aside. Our universe in theory started with a singularity.

It is the kind of place where 2+2=5.

It is an object that is infinitely small and infinitely dense which is why in 2008 CERN launched two quarks at the speed of light to hit each other and reveal the singularity as previous particles had been found inside each other, the experiment failed the particles obey the laws of quantum mechanics only to well meaning it is nearly impossible to get them to be seen never mind crash.

Usually, highly electro positive atoms donate (release) electrons to convert into cations. Metals are good electron donors and a few exceptional non-metals with high negative ionization enthalpies, release electrons to gain stability and achieve nearest noble-gas configuration.

The electron is the subatomic particle located farthest from the nucleus of the atom.

An atom that loses or gains electrons is called an ion. When an atom loses electrons, it becomes positively charged and is called a cation. When an atom gains electrons, it becomes negatively charged and is called an anion.

If your potential was increased by 10 kilo volts with respect to Earth while standing on an insulated stand, you would likely experience an electric shock when you come into contact with any grounded object or person, as the potential difference would cause a discharge of electrical energy. This could result in serious injury or even death depending on the circumstances and the amount of current flowing through your body. It is important to always exercise caution and avoid such situations to prevent harm.

The electron transport chain produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the cell's main energy source, by transferring electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen. This process generates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.

The mass of a proton is roughly 1836 times that of an electron. So, the object representing a proton should have a mass of about 1836 grams.

sory but i dont know

J. J. Thomson is credited with discovering electrons.

3He has 2 protons, 1 neutron, and 2 electrons.

no i cant answer it