Particle Physics

The Large Hadron Collider is a product of collaboration between multiple countries and scientific institutions. It is used for conducting high-energy particle physics experiments to explore the fundamental structure of matter, search for new particles, and study the forces that govern the universe.

An electron volt (eV) is a unit of energy equal to the energy gained by an electron as it moves through a potential difference of one volt. It is commonly used in atomic and subatomic physics to describe the energy of particles at the atomic and molecular scale.

A lot of high-power particle Physicists in the world believe that the chances are pretty good, otherwise CERN would not have pumped $10 billion and counting into the LHC so far.

A great deal of money has been invested in making these experiments possible, chiefly in hopes of observing the elusive Higgs particle, so scientists are very hopeful about it. But as always with experimental science, we shall have to see what the actual results are.

The electrons don't fall into the nucleus because they spin around it with a minimum and determinate amount of energy, (or quanta, because it only assumes discrete values) wich stops them from falling into the nucleus, and most importantly, they don't have the behaviour of a classical particle defined by the classical mechanics principles in physics. So that's when quantum mechanics comes in to play: the electrons have a dual behaviour, that of a particle, and of a wave. Confusing? A little, but imagine, as a particle, you can go straight lines, curved lines, up, down, sideways, forwards, backwards and that's about it. Now just add to that behaviour, the wave function, which is like the vibration of a string from a guitar when you play it, it vibrates with a variable wave lenght, according to the characteristics of the string and the amount of strength used to play. I hope this might help, but you can find a lot of information in Wikipedia and all over the net about Quantum Physics. It may sound a lot confusing at first sight, but it is a wonderfull world worth checking, very small, with different laws, very different from ours. And also very important it seems, because the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) costed a fortune! Be curious ;)

Electrons in the outermost electron shell have the most energy in an atom. The energy of an electron increases as it moves further away from the nucleus. Electrons in the innermost shell have the least energy, while electrons in the nucleus have the highest energy due to their proximity to the protons.

Oxygen tends to gain two electrons to fill its outer shell, resulting in a deficiency of electrons.

The element with 76 electrons is Osmium. It is a dense, rare metal that is commonly used in industry for its high hardness and resistance to corrosion.

Oxidoreductases. These enzymes facilitate redox reactions by transferring electrons from one molecule to another, either by oxidation (removing electrons) or reduction (adding electrons). Examples include dehydrogenases and oxidases.

Protons and neutrons are found inside the nucleus of an atom. Electrons orbit around the nucleus in energy levels.

From Wikipedia:

Dirac shared the 1933 Nobel Prize for physics with Erwin Schrödinger "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory". Dirac was also awarded the Royal Medal in 1939 and both the Copley Medal and the Max Planck Medal in 1952. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1930, an Honorary Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1948, and an Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Physics, London in 1971. He received the inaugural J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize in 1969. Dirac became a member of the Order of Merit in 1973.

Cl- has 8 valence electrons. This is because chlorine, in its neutral state, has 7 valence electrons (group 17), and the -1 charge of the chloride ion indicates the addition of an extra electron.

The particles would either be called atoms or molecules.The state of matter is a gas.

There are 47 protons in Silver's atomic nucleus. The number of protons is the same as the atomic mumber.

A material that carries electrons easily is called a conductor. Conductors have free electrons that are able to move through the material in response to an electric field, allowing for the flow of electricity. Metals like copper and aluminum are common conductors due to their high conductivity properties.

The combination of particles determines the properties and behavior of substances. Different types and arrangements of particles lead to different physical and chemical characteristics, such as color, density, melting point, and reactivity.

"Elementary" in this context means that they are not known to be made up of smaller particles. It doesn't mean they can't undergo changes. You can think of the flavors as different excitation states of the same particle - comparable to different vibration modes on the same string. In fact, according to string theory (which is not really a scientific theory yet - more a hypothesis), the fundamental structures in the Universe ARE a type of string, and the different vibration modes of those strings are what gives them their different properties.

Yes, experiments with cathode ray tubes in the late 1800s, particularly by scientists like J.J. Thomson, led to the discovery of electrons. Thomson's experiments demonstrated that cathode rays were composed of negatively charged particles, which were later named electrons. This discovery laid the foundation for modern atomic theory.

The charge-to-mass ratio of an electron is approximately 1.76 x 10^11 coulombs per kilogram. This value is a fundamental characteristic of electrons and is used in various physics applications, such as in particle accelerators.

Valence electrons can be found in the s and p orbitals in an atom. The s orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons, while the p orbitals can hold a maximum of 6 electrons. This arrangement allows for a maximum of 8 valence electrons in an atom.

Quarks must combine in twos or threes because of the strong nuclear force that governs their interactions. This force is what binds quarks together to form larger particles, such as protons and neutrons. Combining in twos or threes is the most stable configuration due to the way the strong force operates in the quantum realm.

We now know there are are six quarks (or called flavours of quarks), which are grouped into 3 pairs (or generations); up & down, charmed & strange and top and bottom. It is these fundamental particles which form neutrons, protons etc, which are collectively known as hadrons, (it is mainly the up and down which form the world around us). The quarks are peculiar as they posses a charge which is a fraction of that for the electron. There are two types of hadron, the Baryon which is a system of three quarks (e.g. the proton) or Mesons, a two quark system containing a quark - antiquark pair (e.g. the pion or pi-meson).

Leptons are particles such as muons and electrons, there are 6 leptons in total, each with their anti-lepton counterpart. For the electron, muon and taon (which are referred to as different flavours of the lepton) there is a corresponding neutrino (a lepton) associated with it.

Difference between the two: Leptons do not participate in the strong interaction and are generally not seen within the nucleus.

Bosons are often force carrier particles (these are typically referred to as gauge bosons). In the prevailing Standard Model of physics, the photon is one of four gauge bosons in the electroweak interaction; the other three are denoted W+, W− and Z0 and are responsible for the weak interaction.

Particle accelerators measure properties of particles such as mass, charge, energy, and momentum. They can also be used to study fundamental forces, particle interactions, and the structure of matter at a subatomic level.

The element with 14 protons in the nuclei of its atoms is silicon, with the atomic number 14.

Yes, an example of an electrostatic force acting in an atom is a proton attracting an electron. This attraction occurs due to the opposite charges of the proton (positive) and the electron (negative), leading to the electrostatic force of attraction between them.

The nucleus of hydrogen-3 (tritium) contains one proton and two neutrons, so there is one up quark in the proton.