Particle Physics

Neutrons do not usually convert to protons in a nucleus. There is a type of radioactive decay in which this happens, called beta negative decay. It happens when the nucleus is unstable from having too many neutrons. You might envision that when that happens, the strong nuclear force looses some of its capacity to hold things together, and is overpowered momentarily by the weak nuclear force as a result. An electron is emitted, and the atomic number of the atom increased because there are more protons. The mass number stays the same, but the actual mass is diminished by the mass of an electron.

Various observations and experiments have shown that protons must be stable for at least a billion trillion trillion years. However though, many physicists believe that if the three atomic forces are really just different manifestations of a single unified field, the alchemical, supermassive bosons will materialize out of quarks every now and then, causing quarks, and the protons they compose, to degenerate.

Electrons are negative.

so no positive charges attracts electrons because the opposite charges attract each other like ( + - ) but same charges repel like ( ++ ) or ( - - )

The element it is hydrogen has 1 proton, helium 2, by changing protons you change what element it is.

+1. Because an atom normally has an equal number of protons and electrons, it is neutral. By removing a negative (the electron), the atom is then positive. The more electrons you remove, the more positive the atom becomes. Then, it is called an ion, such as Cu is copper, but Cu2+ is a copper(II) ion; it is a copper atom that has lost two electrons.

Which isotope of what element? We need a little more information here in order to be able to help you. However, the most common isotope of Oxygen has 8 neutrons. I hope this answers the question. If not, please try resubmitting with more information.

True. A gamma ray is a high-energy photon, and thus moves at the speed of light. And, like all photons, it has no charge.

Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) generally have greater magnification than scanning electron microscopes (SEM). TEM can achieve magnifications up to 1,000,000x, while SEM typically reaches up to 100,000x.

Fluorine is not typically considered an electron acceptor because it is highly electronegative and tends to attract electrons rather than accept them. It is more commonly known for its role as an electron donor or sharer in chemical reactions.

Mesons are found inside the atomic nucleus, along with protons and neutrons. They are subatomic particles made up of a quark and an antiquark, with a mass heavier than electrons but lighter than protons and neutrons. Mesons are involved in the strong nuclear force that holds the nucleus together.

A neutron in an atomic nucleus changes into a proton and an electron and an antineutrino. The electron is ejected from the nucleus and the antineutrino escapes, and that ejected electron is called a beta minus particle. Yes, it is still an electron, but the designation as a beta minus particle makes it clear where it came from - the result of the transformation of a neutron into a proton, that electron and the antineutrino (which carries off extra energy).

Atomic Mass units =]

The Higgs boson is a subatomic particle that is believed to give mass to other particles according to the Higgs mechanism in particle physics. It was first theorized in the 1960s and was experimentally confirmed in 2012 at the Large Hadron Collider. The discovery of the Higgs boson was a major breakthrough in understanding the fundamental forces and particles that make up the universe.

The Large Hadron Collider is a product of collaboration between multiple countries and scientific institutions. It is used for conducting high-energy particle physics experiments to explore the fundamental structure of matter, search for new particles, and study the forces that govern the universe.

An electron volt (eV) is a unit of energy equal to the energy gained by an electron as it moves through a potential difference of one volt. It is commonly used in atomic and subatomic physics to describe the energy of particles at the atomic and molecular scale.

A lot of high-power particle Physicists in the world believe that the chances are pretty good, otherwise CERN would not have pumped $10 billion and counting into the LHC so far.

A great deal of money has been invested in making these experiments possible, chiefly in hopes of observing the elusive Higgs particle, so scientists are very hopeful about it. But as always with experimental science, we shall have to see what the actual results are.

The electrons don't fall into the nucleus because they spin around it with a minimum and determinate amount of energy, (or quanta, because it only assumes discrete values) wich stops them from falling into the nucleus, and most importantly, they don't have the behaviour of a classical particle defined by the classical mechanics principles in physics. So that's when quantum mechanics comes in to play: the electrons have a dual behaviour, that of a particle, and of a wave. Confusing? A little, but imagine, as a particle, you can go straight lines, curved lines, up, down, sideways, forwards, backwards and that's about it. Now just add to that behaviour, the wave function, which is like the vibration of a string from a guitar when you play it, it vibrates with a variable wave lenght, according to the characteristics of the string and the amount of strength used to play. I hope this might help, but you can find a lot of information in Wikipedia and all over the net about Quantum Physics. It may sound a lot confusing at first sight, but it is a wonderfull world worth checking, very small, with different laws, very different from ours. And also very important it seems, because the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) costed a fortune! Be curious ;)

Electrons in the outermost electron shell have the most energy in an atom. The energy of an electron increases as it moves further away from the nucleus. Electrons in the innermost shell have the least energy, while electrons in the nucleus have the highest energy due to their proximity to the protons.

Oxygen tends to gain two electrons to fill its outer shell, resulting in a deficiency of electrons.

The element with 76 electrons is Osmium. It is a dense, rare metal that is commonly used in industry for its high hardness and resistance to corrosion.

Oxidoreductases. These enzymes facilitate redox reactions by transferring electrons from one molecule to another, either by oxidation (removing electrons) or reduction (adding electrons). Examples include dehydrogenases and oxidases.

Protons and neutrons are found inside the nucleus of an atom. Electrons orbit around the nucleus in energy levels.

From Wikipedia:

Dirac shared the 1933 Nobel Prize for physics with Erwin Schrödinger "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory". Dirac was also awarded the Royal Medal in 1939 and both the Copley Medal and the Max Planck Medal in 1952. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1930, an Honorary Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1948, and an Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Physics, London in 1971. He received the inaugural J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize in 1969. Dirac became a member of the Order of Merit in 1973.

Cl- has 8 valence electrons. This is because chlorine, in its neutral state, has 7 valence electrons (group 17), and the -1 charge of the chloride ion indicates the addition of an extra electron.

The particles would either be called atoms or molecules.The state of matter is a gas.