Particle Physics

From Wikipedia:

Dirac shared the 1933 Nobel Prize for physics with Erwin Schrödinger "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory". Dirac was also awarded the Royal Medal in 1939 and both the Copley Medal and the Max Planck Medal in 1952. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1930, an Honorary Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1948, and an Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Physics, London in 1971. He received the inaugural J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize in 1969. Dirac became a member of the Order of Merit in 1973.

Cl- has 8 valence electrons. This is because chlorine, in its neutral state, has 7 valence electrons (group 17), and the -1 charge of the chloride ion indicates the addition of an extra electron.

The particles would either be called atoms or molecules.The state of matter is a gas.

There are 47 protons in Silver's atomic nucleus. The number of protons is the same as the atomic mumber.

A material that carries electrons easily is called a conductor. Conductors have free electrons that are able to move through the material in response to an electric field, allowing for the flow of electricity. Metals like copper and aluminum are common conductors due to their high conductivity properties.

The combination of particles determines the properties and behavior of substances. Different types and arrangements of particles lead to different physical and chemical characteristics, such as color, density, melting point, and reactivity.

"Elementary" in this context means that they are not known to be made up of smaller particles. It doesn't mean they can't undergo changes. You can think of the flavors as different excitation states of the same particle - comparable to different vibration modes on the same string. In fact, according to string theory (which is not really a scientific theory yet - more a hypothesis), the fundamental structures in the Universe ARE a type of string, and the different vibration modes of those strings are what gives them their different properties.

Yes, experiments with cathode ray tubes in the late 1800s, particularly by scientists like J.J. Thomson, led to the discovery of electrons. Thomson's experiments demonstrated that cathode rays were composed of negatively charged particles, which were later named electrons. This discovery laid the foundation for modern atomic theory.

The charge-to-mass ratio of an electron is approximately 1.76 x 10^11 coulombs per kilogram. This value is a fundamental characteristic of electrons and is used in various physics applications, such as in particle accelerators.

Valence electrons can be found in the s and p orbitals in an atom. The s orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons, while the p orbitals can hold a maximum of 6 electrons. This arrangement allows for a maximum of 8 valence electrons in an atom.

Quarks must combine in twos or threes because of the strong nuclear force that governs their interactions. This force is what binds quarks together to form larger particles, such as protons and neutrons. Combining in twos or threes is the most stable configuration due to the way the strong force operates in the quantum realm.

We now know there are are six quarks (or called flavours of quarks), which are grouped into 3 pairs (or generations); up & down, charmed & strange and top and bottom. It is these fundamental particles which form neutrons, protons etc, which are collectively known as hadrons, (it is mainly the up and down which form the world around us). The quarks are peculiar as they posses a charge which is a fraction of that for the electron. There are two types of hadron, the Baryon which is a system of three quarks (e.g. the proton) or Mesons, a two quark system containing a quark - antiquark pair (e.g. the pion or pi-meson).

Leptons are particles such as muons and electrons, there are 6 leptons in total, each with their anti-lepton counterpart. For the electron, muon and taon (which are referred to as different flavours of the lepton) there is a corresponding neutrino (a lepton) associated with it.

Difference between the two: Leptons do not participate in the strong interaction and are generally not seen within the nucleus.

Bosons are often force carrier particles (these are typically referred to as gauge bosons). In the prevailing Standard Model of physics, the photon is one of four gauge bosons in the electroweak interaction; the other three are denoted W+, W− and Z0 and are responsible for the weak interaction.

Particle accelerators measure properties of particles such as mass, charge, energy, and momentum. They can also be used to study fundamental forces, particle interactions, and the structure of matter at a subatomic level.

The element with 14 protons in the nuclei of its atoms is silicon, with the atomic number 14.

Yes, an example of an electrostatic force acting in an atom is a proton attracting an electron. This attraction occurs due to the opposite charges of the proton (positive) and the electron (negative), leading to the electrostatic force of attraction between them.

The nucleus of hydrogen-3 (tritium) contains one proton and two neutrons, so there is one up quark in the proton.

Subatomic particles were discovered through experiments involving the interaction of matter with various forms of radiation, such as beta particles, gamma rays, and alpha particles. Scientists like J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, and James Chadwick played integral roles in the discovery of electrons, protons, and neutrons, respectively. Their contributions to the field of atomic and nuclear physics helped unravel the nature of subatomic particles and their properties.

Protons, neutrons, and electrons are the three main subatomic particles in an atom. Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus while electrons orbit around the nucleus. They have different properties and roles in determining the characteristics of an element.

Protons have a positive charge, electrons have a negative charge, and neutrons have no charge (neutral).

The electronic configuration of chromium is 2,8,8,6.

Quarks are subatomic particles that are found within protons and neutrons, which are two of the building blocks of an atom's nucleus. Quarks are never found in isolation; they are always bound together in groups of two or three inside these larger particles.

Static electricity is the build-up of electric charge on the surface of an object. When certain materials are rubbed together, electrons can transfer from one material to another, causing one material to become positively charged and the other to become negatively charged. These charges can create a visible spark or cause objects to attract or repel each other.

Radium has 88 electrons. The number of neutrons is different for each isotope:

Number of neutrons = Atomic mass - 88

The most stable and known isotope of radium, 226Ra, has 138 neutrons.

A object smaller than a quark has been found but not directly. This object is the singularity at the centre of every black hole. This is a place where all the laws of physics, mathematics or anything else break down and are cast aside. Our universe in theory started with a singularity.

It is the kind of place where 2+2=5.

It is an object that is infinitely small and infinitely dense which is why in 2008 CERN launched two quarks at the speed of light to hit each other and reveal the singularity as previous particles had been found inside each other, the experiment failed the particles obey the laws of quantum mechanics only to well meaning it is nearly impossible to get them to be seen never mind crash.

Usually, highly electro positive atoms donate (release) electrons to convert into cations. Metals are good electron donors and a few exceptional non-metals with high negative ionization enthalpies, release electrons to gain stability and achieve nearest noble-gas configuration.