Particle Physics

J mesons are subatomic particles that do not experience a melting phase transition like larger particles or materials. As such, they do not require energy to melt as they do not solidify.

1 s 2

2 s 2

2 p 6

3 s 2

3 p 6

3 d 10

4 s 2

4 p 6

4 d 10

4 f 14

5 s 2

5 p 6

5 d 4

6 s 2

The link below disagrees with the above, group 6 elements are special. By the Aufbau principle I believe. It is is more stable to have one electron in each subshell than to have 2 electrons in the s subshell and 4 in the d subshell.

Because it is already a hydrated proton and carries a positive charge which repels another proton making it energetically unfavorable.

No, the designations of hydrogen for the proton and neutron for the neutron do not imply that these two particles are of equal mass. A proton is about 1836 times heavier than a neutron. The terms "hydrogen" and "neutron" were historically used to describe these particles based on their properties and roles in atomic structure, rather than their masses.

Yes, gluons are particles that mediate the strong force between quarks, which are the building blocks of protons and neutrons. Gluons are bosons and are responsible for holding quarks together within atomic nuclei.

Electrons surround the nucleus of an atom due to the attraction between the positive charge of the protons in the nucleus and the negative charge of the electrons. This electrostatic force of attraction keeps the electrons in orbit around the nucleus, maintaining the stability of the atom.

Sir James Chadwick is credited with the discovery of the neutron in 1932. His experiments on the collisions of alpha particles with beryllium led to the identification of the neutron as a fundamental particle found in the nucleus of atoms.

1 electron charge = 1.602 x 10-19 coulomb. The answer to the question is: about 16 percent of one billionth of one billionth of a coulomb.

The nuclide X would be tritium (hydrogen-3). In the described fusion process, a helium-3 nucleus and tritium combine to form a stable helium-4 nucleus along with the release of an alpha particle (helium-4 nucleus) and a positron.

subatomic particles :)

The neutron has a spin of 1/2, which means it behaves like a tiny magnet with two possible orientations. This property is fundamental to understanding its interactions with magnetic fields and its role in particle physics.

Any atom, ion, or isotope with 12 protons is going to be magnesium. Only the number of protons in the nucleus will determine the element. But with the information about the number of neutrons, the specific isotope can also be determined - 22Mg.

Nobody is really quite sure yet. The existence of the Higgs boson is predicted by the Standard Model of quantum mechanics, but nobody has yet been able to experimentally detect one, so a lot of the details of it are still unknown.

The Standard Model does not predict what mass the Higgs boson would have, so it could be anything, really, though it's generally assumed that its mass is somewhere between 115 and 180 GeV/c2, because if it is that will make all the equations we have work properly for pretty much all cases. It is possible, however, that we'll find out that it isn't in this range (or we may not ever be able to find one at all), in which case people may have to make some changes to our current theories to account for why it's different than we expected.

One example of a material with atoms that strongly hold on to electrons is diamond. Diamond is a covalent network solid where each carbon atom forms strong covalent bonds with four neighboring carbon atoms, leading to a very stable structure with tightly held electrons.

A particle accelerator used to accelerate particles at high speeds will not fuse together and create a new element. The particle accelerator uses electromagnetic fields to move charged particles and contain them in well defined beams.

Yes, the antiproton and antineutron have both been confirmed. They were determined to exist in 1955 and 1956, respectively.

It should be noted that these particles are antimatter, and they don't just occur floating around in nature. There are nuclear reactions that occur on and around earth where the two particles are created, however. And they can be created in the physics lab with high enough energy accelerators.

Read the book The atom and The universe: Theories and Facts unfold, published by www.Xlibris.com

No. An orbital describes an energy level (a Fermi energy level) in which an electron may exist for a given atom. Just because an electron is not in that orbital does not mean one cannot go there. An easy example would be ionized neon gas in a lamp. The high voltage forces electrons into higher orbitals where they check in and then check out, dumping a photon as they leave. The orbitals existed before they were used. Orbitals are clearly defined for a given atom as the descrete energy levels into which electrons may shift if they gain a sufficient (an exact) quantity of energy to make the jump.

The mass of an ion with 107 electrons would depend on the specific element of the ion. You would need to know the atomic number of the element to calculate the mass accurately using the atomic mass of the element.

Yes, neutrons have no electrical charge, making them electrically neutral. They are composed of three quarks – one "up" quark and two "down" quarks – whose charges cancel each other out, resulting in a net neutral charge.

As you can see in any periodic table, Lithium is element #3; that means that each atom has 3 protons.

The quark comes with what is called a fractional charge. From a purely theorhetical standpoint, a flow of quarks could generate a magnetic field about their path of travel, and this might be used to generate electricity. But quarks, because they have a characteristic called color confinement, cannot exist freely in nature. The quark only exists inside a composite particle called a hadron, of which the proton and neutron are examples. Don't look for any "quark flow" like you would electron flow in what we normally consider electricity. It's something that isn't going to happen.

there is no difference b/w meson theory an yukawa theory of nuclear forces because yukawa predicted the nuclear forces as exchange of boson(messons) b/w neutron and proton which keep them bind in an atomic nuclei. so meson theory is just another name of yukawa's theory of nuclear forces.