Particle Physics

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) are electron carriers in cellular respiration. They accept electrons and hydrogen ions from molecules during the process of converting food into energy.

The source of electrons that will reduce DPIP is usually a plant extract or isolated chloroplasts. In the process of photosynthesis, electrons are transferred from water to DPIP through the photosynthetic electron transport chain, leading to the reduction of DPIP.

When two atoms or matter and antimatter eliminate each other, there is a massive energy output. This is calculated using the most famous equation E=mc2. "Energy" equal the total "mass" of both atoms multiplied by c (the speed of light) squared.

Subatomic particles with no mass are called neutrinos. Neutrinos are elementary particles that have extremely small, non-zero masses, but they are considered nearly massless in many calculations due to their very small mass values.

An electron. These negatively charged particles move rapidly in a cloud-like region surrounding the atomic nucleus in an atom.

First you want to start with how many electrons there are in a neutral atom. In a neutral atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons, which equals the atomic number, which is eight in this case. When becoming an ion and reacting with other elements in an ionic bond, oxygen will gain two electrons. So we just add two onto the number in a neutral atom for a total of ten.

A covalent bond is when electrons are shared in bonds.

The ammonium cation is formed when an ammonia molecule donates a lone pair of electrons to a proton, creating a positive charge. The molecule now has 10 valence electrons because the nitrogen atom has three bonds with hydrogen atoms, contributing 6 electrons, and it also has a positive charge.

If by occupy, you mean what space do they occupy since they are subatomic they can fit in anything. However we don't know if they can go inside black hole but since they are infinitely dense it seems unlikely.

The slow downslope movement of materials is called creep. It involves the gradual movement of soil, rock, and other debris downhill due to gravity. Creep is a common form of mass wasting that can occur over long periods of time.

The number of electrons are different from one to another, however all of them have seven electrons in the valence shell.

Metal --> electrons + Metal ions (positively charged)

Yes, protons are composed of three quarks - two "up" quarks and one "down" quark. The up quarks have a positive charge of +2/3 each, and the down quark has a negative charge of -1/3, resulting in a net charge of +1 for the proton.

As an example, take Americium 241 - 241 is the atomic weight. It is Atomic number 95 in the periodic table and so there are 95 protons. There are thus 241 -95 = 146 neutrons. That principle applies to all the elements.

Some common electron-withdrawing groups include nitro (-NO2), carbonyl (e.g. -CO), cyano (-CN), and halogens (e.g. -F, -Cl, -Br, -I). These groups are able to pull electron density away from the rest of the molecule through inductive or resonance effects, making the molecule more electrophilic.

If they did not revolve, but stayed in one place, they would have no energy and would combine with protons in the nucleus to form neutrons.

Electrons are NOT 'dot-point' particles, but a 'cloud' around the nucleus. The analogy is the clouds around the Earth. The Earth is the nucleus. The clouds have varying densities about the Earth; cloudless sky or dense dark sky etc., and move ) have energy).

However if you take away the Earth, these clouds will form a sphere, and this sphere will have a Centre of Gravity/Mass( the dot point). This gives electrons a 'duality' of character, everywhere at once and a dot point.

Hope that helps!!!!!

Yes, electrons in an atom exist in specific energy levels known as electron shells. These energy levels are quantized and discrete, with electrons occupying the lowest available energy level first before moving to higher ones.

J mesons are subatomic particles that do not experience a melting phase transition like larger particles or materials. As such, they do not require energy to melt as they do not solidify.

1 s 2

2 s 2

2 p 6

3 s 2

3 p 6

3 d 10

4 s 2

4 p 6

4 d 10

4 f 14

5 s 2

5 p 6

5 d 4

6 s 2

The link below disagrees with the above, group 6 elements are special. By the Aufbau principle I believe. It is is more stable to have one electron in each subshell than to have 2 electrons in the s subshell and 4 in the d subshell.

Because it is already a hydrated proton and carries a positive charge which repels another proton making it energetically unfavorable.

No, the designations of hydrogen for the proton and neutron for the neutron do not imply that these two particles are of equal mass. A proton is about 1836 times heavier than a neutron. The terms "hydrogen" and "neutron" were historically used to describe these particles based on their properties and roles in atomic structure, rather than their masses.

Yes, gluons are particles that mediate the strong force between quarks, which are the building blocks of protons and neutrons. Gluons are bosons and are responsible for holding quarks together within atomic nuclei.

Electrons surround the nucleus of an atom due to the attraction between the positive charge of the protons in the nucleus and the negative charge of the electrons. This electrostatic force of attraction keeps the electrons in orbit around the nucleus, maintaining the stability of the atom.

Sir James Chadwick is credited with the discovery of the neutron in 1932. His experiments on the collisions of alpha particles with beryllium led to the identification of the neutron as a fundamental particle found in the nucleus of atoms.