Particle Physics

the flavour is just a property of the quark, like charge it is just something that the particle has which is very hard to explain, and in fact we don;t really know what it is, just that it differs between the quarks. There are 6 falovours of quark; up, down, charm, strange, top and bottom

Quarks were theorized in 1964 and experiementally verified in 1968. To say "invented" would be a misnomer.

This next part is a direct quote from the Wikipedia article titled "Quark" [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarks ]:

The quark model was independently proposed by physicists Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweigin 1964. There was little evidence for this model until 1968, when electron-proton scattering experiments indicated that the electrons were scattering off three point-like constituents inside the proton. All six flavors of quark have been observed, following the discovery of the top quark at Fermilab in 1995.

Inside an atomic nucleus, there are protons and neutrons. Due to the nature of how they must interact, they are constantly changing back and forth between each other. Electrons, however, which are found outside of the nucleus, do not change.

Helium has 2 valence electrons, and it's the only noble gas that doesn't have 8 valence electrons.

Protons are positively charged subatomic particles.

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles, but have almost no mass. The mass of an electron is about 1/2000 that of a proton or neutron. The neutron is the most massive of the subatomic particles at 1.6755 x 10-24 grams.

Jet Fusion .

There are two main isotopes of chlorine. Every chlorine atom has 17 electrons where there are 18 and 20 neutrons in chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 respectively.

An ion is defined as an element with a charge. Because elements vary with how many protons they have (along with neutrons to form isotopes) it is impossible to put a set number on how many protons and electrons all ions have. An element (or compound) becomes an ion when the substance gains (to become a positive ion) or loses (to become a negative ion) an electron(s).

No, a conductor does not have "positive electrons". Positive electrons are positrons, particles of anti-matter. A conductor, because if it's atomic structure, allows electrons to flow more freely from one atom to the other, thus creating electricity.

4He Helium has two protons, two neutrons, and two electrons.

The heaviest of the subatomic particles is the neutron, which has a neutral charge, followed extremely closely by the proton, which has a positive charge. The electrons that orbit protons and neutrons have an extremely small mass relative to the other two, but have a negative charge equal in magnitude to that of the proton.

Addition or removal or protons are nuclear reactions and dont take place under normal conditions.

If a proton is removed, the previous atom is formed. If a proton is added, then the next atom is formed.

In order from heaviest to lightest: Higgs Boson, Top Quark, Z0, W+,-, Bottom quark, and Tau lepton. All others are less than 1.7 GeV and are not worth mentioning, are composite particles made up of quarks and too numerous to mention, or are predicted to exist if certain models are correct but have not been (and probably cannot be) observed.

Protons and neutrons have near identical mass. One will not have to account for the difference in mass in most calculations.

The electron is located in a cloud-like orbital around the atom's nucleus. The orbitals are of different types indicated by the letters s, p, d, etc. An s orbital has spherical symmetry, but the other types are more complicated.

A proton has a positive charge which is equal in magnitude but opposite to the charge on an electron, which is negative.

Iodine in its natural form is I2, two iodine atoms bonded with a single covalent bond. There are 6 non-bonded valance electrons on each atom, so there are 12 electrons in the electron-dot structure.

One doesn't generally "calculate" the number of neutrons. The number of neutrons in an atom is always equal to the number of protons, and the number of protons can be found on the Periodic Table of Elements, which can easily be found on the internet or in a science textbook.

Copper's atomic number is 29. Thus, copper has 29 protons per atom. To be electrically neutral then, it must also have 29 electrons per atom.

The main reason that electrons and protons are dominant in matter is that these are stable particles and do not decay spontaneously. The neutron, which is unstable outside of a nucleus, is stable within the nucleus of an atom. The reason that the protons and neutrons are bound together is the strong nuclear force. The coulombic attraction between protons and electrons then binds the electrons to the nucleus to form an atom.

String theory is the theory that smaller than atoms or even quarks are billions times smaller things called strings waving closed or open bands this is a big supporter of Universe or Multiverse?