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Prophet Muhammad

Muhammad was the founder of the Islam religion. Considered by Muslims to be a messenger of God, Muhammad was born in 570 and his revelations from God make up the verses of the Qu'ran, the sacred text at the center of Islam. Muhammad died in 632 at the age of 62. Ask questions here about his life and his founding of one of the world's major religions.

2,929 Questions

Do Prophet Muhammad's descendants exist?

The Prophet had no surviving male child in his family when he died. All his sons passed away in their childhood. But he had daughters who survived him and continued his bloodline. His descendants through his daughters survived and carry the title of "Syed" in their name, and are much respected in the muslim community.

disclaimer - i am a muslim but NOT any religious scholar, i will strongly advise to research more through the net and your local library.

Who was the successor to Prophet Muhammad?

The Umma or the People. According to the Sunnis he was to be chosen democraticly as per the Prophet Muhammeds orders. According to Shiite belief it should be according to blood relation with the Prophet. This is still one of the main reasons for the division between the two sects.

Is Mohammad a false prophet?

Answer 1

Allah has granted us wisdom, brain, and heart to judge for ourselves. Muhammad the son of `Abdullah is Allah's Prophet and the Final Messenger Sent by Allah to the Inhabitants of Earth. My brothers and sisters everywhere! You should know that the Messenger, Muhammad the son of `Abdullah (may Allah's blessings and peace be upon him) is Allah's Messenger in reality and truth. The evidences that show his veracity are abundant. None but an infidel, who out of arrogance alone, could deny these signs.

Among these proofs:

1. Muhammad (may Allah's blessings and peace be upon him) was raised illiterate, unable to read or write, and remained like that till his death. Among all his people, he was known as being truthful and trustworthy. Before receiving revelation, he had no prior knowledge of Religion or any previously sent Message. He remained like that for his first forty years. Revelation then came to Muhammad with the Koran that we now have between our hands. This Koran mentioned most of the accounts found in the previous scriptures, telling us about these events in the greatest detail as if he witnessed them. These accounts came precisely as they were found in the Torah sent down to Moses and in the Gospel sent down to Jesus. Neither the Jews or Christians were able to belie him regarding anything that he said.

2. Muhammad (may Allah's blessings and peace be upon him) also foretold of everything that would occur to him and his community after him, pertaining to victory, the removal of the tyrannical kingdoms of Chosroes [the royal title for the Zoroastrian kings of Persia] and Caesar, and the establishment of the religion of Islam throughout the earth. These events occurred exactly as Muhammad foretold, as if he was reading the future from an open book.

3. Muhammad (may Allah's blessings and peace be upon him) also brought an Arabic Koran that is the peak of eloquence and clarity. The Koran challenged those eloquent and fluent Arabs of his time, who initially belied him, to bring forth a single chapter like the Koran. The eloquent Arabs of his day were unable to contest this Koran.

Indeed, till our day, none has ever dared to claim that he has been able to compose words that equal-or even approach-the order, grace, beauty, and splendor of this Glorious Koran.

4. The life history of this Noble Prophet was a perfect example of being upright, merciful, compassionate, truthful, brave, generous, distant from all evil character, and ascetic in all worldly matters, while striving solely for the reward of the Hereafter. Moreover, in all his actions and dealings, he was ever mindful and fearful of Allah.

5. Allah instilled great love for Muhammad (may Allah's blessings and peace be upon him) in the hearts of all who believed in and met him. This love reached such a degree that any of his companions would willingly sacrifice his (or her) self, mother or father for him.

Till today, those who believe in Muhammad honor and love him. Anyone of those who believe in him would ransom his own family and wealth to see him, even if but once.

6. All of history has not preserved the biography of any person in the manner it has preserved the life of Muhammad, who is the most influential human in history.

Nor has the entire earth known of anyone whom every morning and evening, and many times thereafter throughout the day, is thought of by those who believe in him. Upon remembering Muhammad, the believers in him will greet him and ask Allah to bless him. They do such with full hearts and true love for him.

7. Nor has there every been a man on earth whom is still followed in all his doings by those who believe in him.

Those who believe in Muhammad, sleep in the manner he slept; purify themselves (through ablution and ritual washing) in the manner he purified himself; and adhere to his practice in the way they eat, drink, and clothe themselves.

Indeed in all aspects of their lives, the believers in Muhammad adhere to the teachings he spread among them and the path that he traveled upon during his life.

During every generation, from his day till our time, the believers in this Noble Prophet have fully adhered to his teachings. With some, this has reached the degree that they desire to follow and adhere to the Prophet's way in his personal matters regarding which Allah has not sought of them to adhere to in worship. For example, some will only eat those specific foods or only wear those specific garments that the Messenger liked.

Let alone all that, all those who believe in Muhammad repeat those praises of Allah, special prayers, and invocations that he would say during each of his actions during day and night, like: what he would say when he greeted people, upon entering and leaving the house, entering and leaving the mosque, entering and leaving the bathroom, going to sleep and awaking from sleep, observing the new crescent, observing the new fruit on trees, eating, drinking, dressing, riding, traveling and returning from travel, etc.

Let alone all that, all those who believe in Muhammad fully perform-even to the minute detail-every act of worship-like prayer, fasting, charity, and pilgrimage-as this Noble Messenger (may Allah's blessings and peace be upon him) taught and as he himself performed.

All of this allows those who believe in him, to live their lives in all aspects with this Noble Messenger as their example, as if he was standing before them, for them to follow in all their doings.

8. There has never been nor will there ever be a man anywhere upon this earth who has received such love, respect, honor, and obedience in all matters-small and large alike-as has this Noble Prophet.

9. Since his day, in every region of the earth and during every period, this Noble Prophet has been followed by individuals from all races, colors and peoples. Many of those who followed him were previously Christians, Jews, pagans, idolaters, or without any religion. Among those who chose to follow him, were those who were known for their sound judgment, wisdom, reflection, and foresight. They chose to follow this Noble Prophet after they witnessed the signs of his truthfulness and the evidences of his miracles. They did not choose to follow Muhammad out of compulsion or coercion or because they had adopted the ways of their fathers and mothers.

Indeed many of the followers of this Prophet (may Allah's blessings peace be upon him), chose to follow him during the time when Islam was weak, when there were few Muslims, and when there was severe persecution of his followers on earth. Most people who have followed this Prophet (may Allah's blessings and peace be upon him) have done so not to acquire some material benefits. Indeed many of his followers have suffered the greatest forms of harm and persecution as a result of following this Prophet. Despite all this harm and persecution, this did not turn them back from his religion.

My brethren! All of this clearly indicates to anyone possessing any sense, that this Prophet was truly and really Allah's messenger and that he was not just a man who claimed prophethood or spoke about Allah without knowledge.

10. With all this, Muhammad came with a great religion in its credal and legal make-up.

Muhammad described Allah with qualities of complete perfection, and at the same time in a manner that is free of ascribing to Him any imperfection. Neither the philosophers or the wise could ever describe Allah like such. Indeed it is impossible to imagine that any human mind could conceive of an existing being that possesses such complete ability, knowledge, and greatness; Who has subdued the creation; Who has encompassed everything in the universe, small or large; and Who possesses such perfect mercy.

Nor is it in the ability of any human being to place a perfect law based upon justice, equality, mercy and objectivity for all human activity on earth like the laws that Muhammad brought for all spheres of human activity - like buying and selling, marriage and divorce, renting, testimony, custody, and all other contracts that are necessary to uphold life and civilization on earth.

11. It is impossible that any person conceive wisdom,, morals, good manners, nobleness of characters as what this honorable Prophet (may Allah's blessings and peace be upon him) brought.

In a full and complete manner, Muhammad spread a teaching regarding character and manners toward one' parents, relatives, fiends, family, humanity, animals, plants and inanimate objects. It is impossible for the human mind alone to grasp all of that teaching or come with a similar teaching.

All of that unequivocally indicates that this Messenger did not bring an) of this religion from his own accord, but that it was rather a teaching and inspiration that he received from the One Who created the earth and the high heavens above and created this universe in its miraculous architecture and perfection.

12. The legal and credal make-up of the religion that the Messenger, Muhammad, (may Allah's blessings and peace be upon him) brought resembles the engineering of the heavens and the earth. All of that indicates that He who created the heavens and the earth is the One Who sent down this great law and upright religion.

The degree of inimitability of the Divine law that was sent down upon Muhammad is to the same degree of inimitability of the Divine creation of the heavens and earth. For just as humanity cannot create this universe, in the same manner humanity cannot bring forth a law like Allah's law that He sent down upon His servant and messenger Muhammad (may Allah's blessings and peace be upon him).

Get detailed answers from the site

saaid.net/islam/8.htm

islamreligion.com/category/38/

quran.al-islam.com/Loader.aspx?pageid=706

irf.net/

irf.net/faq_1.html

islamqa.info/en/

PROPHET MUHAMMAD (pbuh) IN THE BIBLE

islam101.com/religions/christianity/mBible.htm

islamreligion.com/articles/169/

Answer 2 Yes he is he is the last prophet from god to the Muslims.

Answer 3 The simple answer is: Mohammad is not a prophet even though Muslims consider him as a prophet like the prophets in the Bible. The reasons he is not a prophet are the following:

  1. He never prophesied anything and did not know about the future according to Quran (Only those who foretold the future were called prophets in the Bible)
  2. Prophethood was his own claim and he could not produce any evidence (The prophets of the Bible were able to produce evidence for their claim)
  3. People of his time accused him of making up stories and revelations that they have heard before. He could not produce anything to disprove them.
  4. Mohammad produced many revelations that are contrary to the revelations received by the prophets of the Bible which Qur'an considers as real prophets. For example, Jewish prophets Isaiah and Daniel foretold the death of Messiah (Jesus) for the sins of the people. However, in Mohammad's revelation Jesus did not die.
  5. Mohammad produced revelations that are historically and scientifically proven wrong. Example: a) the death of Jesus on the cross is a historical fact which he denied, b) Alexander the great died at his old age according to Mohammed but historically he died at the age of 33, and c) sun sets in a muddy pond according to Mohammad.
  6. Mohammad violated his own revelations by taking 9 wives at one time while only 4 is allowed in the Qur'an. Later, he brought another revelation to allow his violation (Biblical prophets were punished if they disobeyed God's law).
  7. Mohammad made his followers to pray towards a Black Stone (which is another form of idol worship) which God of the Bible never commanded anyone to do (Pagans used to worship this way at Kaaba).
  8. Mohammad always came up with a favorable revelation just for him whenever he violated ethical and moral human values. For example: when he wanted to marry his daughter-in-law and when his wives complained about him going to slave girls for intimacy, he got new revelations allowing him to do these immoral things.
  9. Mohammad used sword to convert many to his new religion which none of the Biblical prophets did (Prophets never used force to convert anyone).
  10. Mohammad was not an ideal person of any time to follow his examples (marring 9-year old Iesha and daughter-in-law, killing his critics, kissing the Black Stone and running around it like the pagans) which is not apt for a prophet of God.

Answer 4

It depends on who is answering the question. To Muslims, the answer is very clear: Muhammad is the last and greatest of all the prophets, and no other prophet is his equal. Muslims say as their article of faith: "There is no God but the One God (Allah) and Muhammad is His messenger." But to Christians and Jews, while Muhammad was certainly an important historical figure who was the founder of a major religion, he is not considered a prophet. Christians and Jews only accept the men and women mentioned in the Holy Bible as prophets. They also do not accept the Qur'an (Koran) as sacred scripture, while for Muslims, what is in the Qur'an must be observed, since it is the teachings of Allah, as conveyed by his chosen prophet.

What was the first year of hijra?

According to Islamic Sources, Muhammad made the hijra in the year 622 C.E. according to the Western Gregorian calendar.

However, for a Muslim the answer is much easier, because the hijra marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. So a Muslim considers it the year 1.

How did Muhammad make people believe there is one God?

By the seventh century, when Muhammad began to talk about his new religion, Christianity and Judaism already had a significant presence in Arabia, spreading the concept of just one god. If they won the support of just one tribal leader, then an entire tribe would be required to convert to either Christianity or Judaism. In this way, they had already begun to win significant numbers of converts, and most pagans were more or less familiar with belief in just one god.

Whether there was one God or many gods was not so much of concern to potential converts, but whether Muhammad's God was a powerful God. Soon after his move to Medina, Muhammad made strong tribal alliances, not by convincing leaders that his God was the only true god, but by strategic marriages. Soon he was demonstrating his military success, and it was this that really began to attract widespread support throughout the Arabian Peninsula. Whether tribes simply wanted to share in Muhammad's successes or actually believed that his God was the reason for those successes, large numbers quickly joined him.

What does the first year of the muslim calendar mark?

It marks the prophet migration from Makkah (or Mecca) to Medina (or Yathreb or AlMadinah)

How important is it to love Prophet Muhammad?

Why is it important to love rasulullah S.A.W.?

In the name of Allah, the most gracious, the most merciful.

It is important to love rasulullah SAW, because Love of the Prophet (s) is a requirement on every believer. He is respected not only amongst the Muslims but many non-Muslims also follow him. Prophet muhammad (SAW) is know as the last prophet. The Love for the Prophet means to acknowledge, cherish and glorify all the potential of goodness and greatness that God has created within us. The love of the Prophet represents the human side of faith. Our love for the Prophet can be expressed by glorifying and blessing him. And sending Durood Upon him. No muslim can be a true musilm until he loves the prophet SAW more than anything in this world, even more than ourselves. Allah sent Muhammad (SAW) to mankind after a long period of sheer ignorance: the weak were bullied and exploited. He was the light that guided and the heart that gathered people around him. For all this Allah (SWT) asked the believers to love the Prophet (SAW), respect him and follow his orders. His heart was filled with intense love for all human beings irrespective of caste, creed, or color. He advised his Companions to regard all people as their brothers and sisters. Muhammad explained, interpreted and lived the teachings of Islam. The Prophet Muhammad is the greatest of all prophets for many reasons, but mainly because the results of his mission have brought more people into the pure belief in One God than any other prophet. Prophet Muhammad SAW taught Muslims to refer to him as "the Messenger of God and His Slave". To Muslims, Muhammad is the supreme example for all people - he was the exemplary prophet, statesman, military leader, ruler, teacher, father and friend. Unlike other prophets and messengers, the Prophet Muhammad lived in the full light of history. Muslims don't need to have "faith" that he existed and that his teachings are preserved, they know it to be a fact. Even when his followers only numbered a few dozen, Almighty God informed Muhammad that he had be sent as a mercy to all of mankind. The Quran, was revealed to prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Love of the Prophet (s) is what differentiates the believers in the perfection of their Iman. Prophet Muhammad's unique communication and leadership style led to the spread of Islam, not only within Arabia but also outside to the north, south, east, west and southwest of Arabia . As a leader during wartime or as a leader during peacetime, Prophet Muhammad proved to master skillful techniques with which he accomplished his goals in delivering the message of Islam. Prophet Muhammad communicative values of liberty, justice, modesty, and politeness were matched with practical deeds. The people saw this action of his and identified with. Prophet Muhammad is a perfect example for all people, especially for those who believe in God and the Day of Judgment. Prophet Muhammad (sal-lal-lahu-alaihi-wa-sallam) already loves us without seeing us because we believed in him and loved him without seeing him; this is what he told his companions about us 1400 years ago, and he called us his brothers and sisters, and said he longed to see us in Paradise. We Muslims must send blessings on our Prophet Muhammad (sal-lal-lahu-alaihi-wa-sallam) as Allah commands us in the Qur'an. Make it a habit to learn a small piece of information about him every day; there are many books and sites that can provide this kind of information. You can't love someone without knowing him, so this is your first step to making your love for the Prophet a practical love: by seeking to know him and developing a thirst for knowing more, and a burning need to see him with your heart.

Why is Allah's name repeated 2698 times in Quran?

The name Allah is mentioned explicitly 2669 times in 1842 ayas (verses); including the the mentioning of Allah in openings of the Suras (chapters).

In which year Hazrat Muhammad death?

On the twelfth of Rabi' Al-Awwal, in the eleventh

year of Al-Hijrah.

He was sixty-three years and four days old when he died.

(The Sealed Nectar or when the moon split

- biography of the prophet muhammed (ﷺ)

What is Islam's central prophet?

'Muslims believe that there are five greatest prophets; namely prophets Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad (peace be upon them). Qur'an says (English meaning translation):

"The Messenger (Muhammad) has believed in what was revealed to him from his Lord (Allah or God and same God worshiped in Judaism and Christianity), and [so have] the believers. All of them have believed in Allah and His angels and His books and His messengers, [saying], "We make no distinction between any of His messengers." And they say, "We hear and we obey. [We seek] Your forgiveness, our Lord, and to You is the [final] destination."

Did Jesus or Mohammed come first?

Prophet Mohamed was born in year 570 AD and received his first God revelation in year 610 AD. This means Prophet Mohamed was born 570 years after Jesus birth.

(Note: Mohamed may be spelled Mohammed or Mohamad or Mohamad or Muhammed or Muhammad or Muhamed or Muhamad)

AnswerJesus came before Mohammed by several centuries. AnswerJesus came first. Jesus was miraculaously born through Virgin Mary in BC 4 by the Holy Spirit. His birth was prophesied by Jewish prophets 500-600 years before His birth (Isaiah 7:14, Isaiah 9:6, Micah 5:2, Pslam 2, etc). Angel Gabriel appeared to both Joseph and Mary to tell about His birth and told them that He will be called the Son of God and He will save people from their sins.

Muhammad was born in 570 AD (574 years after Jesus) by normal human parents. There was no known prophesy about his birth and there was nothing miraculous about his birth either unlike Jesus.

Who did Prophet Muhammed marry?

Her name was Qutayla bint Qays, although she is sometimes also known as Habla, and she was a princess from Yemen.

She was legally married to Mohammed in 632 and then set out on the journey from Yemen to Medina to meet him. But while she was still on the road, she heard that Mohammed had died, so in fact they never met.

Therefore Qutayla was definitely the final wife.

How did muhammed die?

Prophet Muhammad died from a bad head ache and being ill. He was laying on his wife's lap and the last words he said were O Allah, with the supreme communion. I can't believe he didn't now that he was ill.

What is the importance of the life of a Muslim family?

Islam gives sanctity to family life. Islam teaches its followers to be obedient to their parents. It teaches them to be kind to their blood relatives and the friends of their parents. It unites all family members in a strong bond of love.

Important people in the religion Islam?

The most important person in Islamic religion is prophet Muhammad peace be upon him. He was born in Mecca (Makkah) in the nowadays Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Prophet Muhammad received Quran from God (Allah) through the Angel Gabriel (Jibril) that started in year 610 AD and continued until year 632 AD (year of prophet death).

Why was the al aqsa mosque built?

As any mosque, it was built for God (Allah in Arabic) worship. It was built on zero ground land where prophet Muhammad prayed there during his miraculous journey from Makkah (Mecca) to Al-Quds (Jerusalem).

Answer2.

Al Aqsa is a mosque caliph Omar built in Jerusalem after conquering it in 638. Before that, there was not any mosque in Jerusalem- as there was not a single Muslim there. Omar needed some "legal ground" for declaring Jerusalem and Palestine, traditionally Jewish and Christian land, "the land of Islam", and in that time, when the people were extremely religious, the best proof was "the Divine Reason". So, Omar took a Kuranic sura( it was The Night Journey, extremely vague and unclear story about how muhammad, in his night dream, travelled from the "Sacred Mosque" to some "furthest mosque" on the back of some mysterious creature, half mule and half dragon, called AlBurak - and used it as a legal claim.

Glory be to He

Who carried His servant by night,

from the Holy Mosque

to the Furthest Mosque,

the precincts of which

We have blessed.

so that We might show him

some of Our signs.

Surely He is the All-Hearing,

the All-Seeing.

------------------Sura al-Isra'

------------------Qur'an 17:1

Find me a single word in this nonsense of the Night Journey that this "furthest mosque" was in Jerusalem. And of course anyone who would move such a " legal ground" as a night dream of someone flying on the back of a dragon as the legal claim on some territory would be just laughed over. However, there were over 30,000 horsemen behind Omar´s story, which made laughing over it somewhat risky. But Omar wanted to look not a savage and barbarian but a just and fair- although strict- ruler, and in order to look this he strived to make this insane story about flying dragons minimally credible. In that time people could believe whatever - but they could not believe the story about the mosque standing in Jerusalem if they saw with their own eyes that there was not any mosque . Omar was known for being a resolute man who took the decisions fast. There was not a single mosque in Jerusalem to support Omar´s claim? So, it must be built. And Omar in record time erected in Jerusalem, on the remnants of the Solomon Temple, a primitive wooden structure and said it was that same Al Aqsa - the Furthest mosque- of the Koran. Would you dare to call a liar someone by whose only word 30,000 horsemen would raise to the saddle?

In 685AD the Umayyad Khalif, 'Abdul Malik ibn Marwan, reconstructed AlAqsa. Now it was of stone, not of wood. Where was the stone taken from ? From the Christian Church of Our Lady. So, the muslim mosque was built of the stone of the Chrstian Church and built on the place of the Jewish Temple.

A wonderful proof to the frequently repeated by Muslims statement that "islam treats with respect all religions ".

Do Muslims have a holy book?

The religious book for all Muslims to refer and adhere to is the Holy Al Quran, revealed to Allah's last Messenger, Muhammad SAW. And the Holy Quran is the last of the five (5) books of scriptures from Allah SWT to his Messengers (prophets) Musa as (Moses pbuh), Daud as (David pbuh), Isa as (Jesus pbuh) and last but not least Muhammad SAW (Mohammed pbuh). Musa was bestowed the Taurat (Torah), Daud the Zaboor, Isa the Injil (New Testament).

How would you compare Buddha and Mohammed?

Buddha saw the world as it is. Mohammed saw the world as he wished it to be. Jesus saw mankind as he would wish it to be. I can't believe that any of them really had a clue about the afterlife.

What was the age and religion of Prophet Muhammad when is married khadija ra?

Most of the sources say he was 25 years old. However, they were counting in lunar years, so by our reckoning, he was probably only 24.

Mohammed's family were all pagans. As a young man, Mohammed sacrificed a white ewe to the goddess Al-Uzza, who was the patron-goddess of Mecca. (See Al-Kalbi, The Book of Idols, pp. 16-17; also Bukhari 7:67:407.) Khadija kept an idol of Al-Uzza in her house, and the whole family used to worship her just before bedtime. (See Ibn Hanbal's Musnad, volume 4, p. 222.)

In 605 there was a bad flood that severely damaged the Kaaba (the temple that housed the 360 gods of Mecca). All the citizens cooperated to rebuilt it, with Mohammed playing an active part. (See Guillaume's translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat, pp. 84-86.) This suggests he still believed in the 360 gods at this date and that it was only after 605 that his views shifted.

So Mohammed and Khadija had been married for at least ten years when they admitted to each other that they did not believe in Al-Uzza any more. (Ibn Hanbal, Musnad, volume 4, p. 222.)

N.B. You will often read on the internet that Khadija was a Nestorian, a Sabian, an Ebionite, a Catholic nun or the High Priestess of some occult sect. People who believe this should cite sources. Often they are only guessing.
______________________________________________________________

  • Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) never bowed or worshiped any Idol. Khadija was also the same and didn't worship any idol. She was tending to the faith of her Christian cousin Waraqa Ibn Nofal. However, her cousin was not thinking of Jesus as God or son of God.
  • Prophet Muhammad was 25 years old when he married Khadija (she was 40 years old).

How were non Muslims treated by Muslims durng their big expansion after Muhammad died?

Answer AI studied this question for a couple days and this is the summed of answer.

Whenever Muslims conquered any land they keep peace. Muslim history is full of examples that proves that Islam is the religion of peace. Its biggest example is when our holy prophet (pbuh) conquered Mecca, he spared the lives and assets.

In the Reign of Hazarat Omar (ra) he took great care of non-Muslims who lived in those areas which were being conquered by Muslims and gave them rights and didn't make any difference between them and Muslims in the affairs of country and justice.

They assured them equal human rights irrelevant to their faiths, colors, cultures, and or social status. Refer to question below.

In sum, they treated them with:

  • tolerance
  • equal human rights
  • free will to select the faith and religion
  • justice

Refer to question below

Answer B (Non-Muslim's View)

Muslims treated non-Muslims in a way that was superior to contemporaneous civilizations and introduced the concept of religious tolerance (as opposed to Europe which was practicing the exact opposite at the time). However, it is nothing close to the Muslim conception given above nor was it at all close to equality or Rights. An important thing to note is that the concept of Rights comes out the Enlightenment. Prior to this point, there was a system of privilege wherein the Ruler would provide privileges (out of the kindness of his heart) to a certain group of people to do acts. A person did not have the "right" to anything and this was the mentality worldwide.

The Muslim opinion touches on the Pact of Omar, which was a document of submission signed by the Caliph Omar and defeated Christians and Jews during one of Omar's Wars. While the factual accuracy of that story may be doubted, there is no doubt that the Pact of Omar formed the basis for the treatment of non-Muslims in the conquered territories. The Pact of Omar set out a number of regulations that will be described in this answer.

The Dhimmi, or non-Muslim under Muslim occupation was required by the Pact of Omar to pay a number of taxes that were connected with his Dhimmi status. The most famous was the jizya, which was a tax that Dhimmi had to pay for Muslims for the right to not be killed where they stood for not acknowledging Mohammed's Prophecy; it was a form of humiliation. Additional taxes included the kharaj, which was a tax on non-Muslim land-holdings in the Muslim World. The kharaj was so untenable that most Dhimmi were forced to live in the cities where the tax would not be applicable. The above answer is also incorrect as concerns justice. On paper, a Christian or Jew could testify against a Muslim, but in reality, such testimony was not acceptable and the attempt to defame a Muslim would receive retribution. Christians and Jews were not allowed to build new houses of worship, restore old houses of worship, proselytize in any way (this included religious debate or dialogue), or allow wine or pigs to be shown in public.

Polytheists were forced to convert to Islam with some rare exceptions (such as the Hindus in India). Zoroastrianism was the majority faith in Iran until Islam almost completely extinguished it, both by sword, economic inequality, and brutal repression of Zoroastrian customs (unless they could be Islamicized like Nourouz).

Note: It should be a tad ironic that the Muslim opinion uses the word "conquer" in a sentence describing peaceful conduct. Normally, when somebody is talking about actions of peace and humility, they refer to actions of diplomacy, hard work, and respect. For example, the Tibetan Resistance currently is peaceful because they are not taking up arms, but are taking to negotiating table.

Answer C (Hints on Answer B)
  • The jizya to be paid by non-Muslims was not to be not killed. It was for one reason. Non-Muslims were exempted from sharing the military services. That is why they paid Jizya to share military expenses. That why it was not imposed on women, children, old people, and/or unfit people for military service. Regarding the kharaj, this was applied on all citizens; Muslims and non Muslims. Regarding justice, you can refer to history of Islam to recognize how many court cases Jews and Christians won the case against Muslims. Unfortunately the limited space here do not allow to write some of them.
  • Never ever any non-Muslim was forced to convert to Islam because it is the explicit Quran teachings that no compulsion in religion. Jews and Christians are called by Muslims as "people of the book" for holding Torah and the Bible that Muslims believe in as God holy books and believe in all God prophets from Adam through Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad (peace be upon them all)
  • The ratio of the houses of worship to their relevant followers for non-Muslims in any Muslim majority country is much higher than the ratio for Muslims. Anyone can check these statistics to be sure that it was not restriction on building new houses of worship for non-Muslims and/or restoring old houses of worship but just to maintain even statistics for all religions including Islam. It is the opposite, check in Korea, Japan, UK, USA and you find that this ratio is by far less for Muslims than for Christians and Jews.
  • One final point is that Muslims never got control of any country to get more power but only to free the will of their people, to spread peace and civilization, and to guard against their attacks against Muslims and Islam. The historical example of the call of the Christians in Egypt to the Caliph Omar to save them from the tyranny of their rulers at that time is well known.
  • It is a pity that some people spread unauthenticated information introduced by media that is biased against Islam. Unfortunately after the decline of communism, the west ranked Islam and Muslim countries as they first enemy and plotted their actions accordingly either through military actions, and/or media, and/or initiating internal disturbances.
  • To conclude; Quran says (Meaning English translation): "O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes (different nations and different countries) that you may know one another (and cooperate for mankind benefit). Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah (or God and same God worshiped in Christianity and Judaism) is the most righteous of you. Indeed, Allah is Knowing and Acquainted" (Quran, 49:13)

On whom was the Quran revealed?

God. (Allah in arabic)

there is no 4 holy book in Islam. the only book that is holy is the Quran. other book, if they are the right saying of prophet and his household, these saying would be holy. but no book that is compiled by Muslims is pure and hundred percent right but mixture of right and wrong.

What caused the separation of different sects after the death of Muhammad?

The immediate cause is historical. The Shi'ites did not agree on the elected Caliphs (who followed Prophet Muhammad after his death). They believed that the Caliphs should only be selected by God according to Koran and prophet has said all Caliphs after him are within Prophet Muhammad descendants and family. Accordingly, they were supporting Ali Ibn abou Taleb (Prophet cousin and the husband of prophet's daughter Fatima Zahra) to be the first Caliph. However, they did not protest against the elected Caliphs (Abou Bakr, Omar, and Ottman) but supported them in obedience to the decision of the majority. Even Ali supported and helped the elected Caliphs and was adviser to the three Caliphs until he was elected as the fourth Caliph.

No one has the right to expel any Shiites or Sunni out of Islam and to consider him/her unbeliever (or Kafir) so far as:

  • he/she witness that there is no god Except one God (Allah), who has no partners, and that Muhammad is his messenger and prophet
  • he/she doesn't deny intentionally any of the five pillars of Islam

It should be recognized that both Sunnis and Shi'ites are Muslims. They, both, believe that there is no god except the one and only one God, the Creator with no partner, no father, no son, no companion, no associate, and no equivalence, and that the prophet is the God prophet and messenger. They both believe in God's Angels, all Prophets sent from God, all of God's holy book, the Day of Judgment, and destiny. They believe in the five Pillars of Islam. They both face the direction of Kaa'ba when praying. They pray in any mosque regardless of whether the prayer leader is Sunni or Shi'ite. They may differ in some minor details of rituals but these details are not critical to neither the Shi'ites nor the Sunnis.

Answer 2

the immediate cause was power.

according to answer above shia Muslims including Imam Ali a.s. himself always protested about position of Caliphate being occupied by other people and never were silent about this matter. but they did not make war for getting power in order to Islam can survive for later generations. because at that time Islam had big enemies like Roman empire and Persian empire and an civil war made military of Muslims weak and it could lead to a finish for Islam.

their support for Caliphs was in order to Islam can survive against enemies. in fact Imam Ali a.s. ans shia Muslims had only 3 choice:

1- cutting any relations to Kings and not supporting them.

2- supporting them in order to welfare of Muslims and survive of Islam

3- fighting the Caliphs and getting power.

the best choice they made was 2 but this not mean accepting their legitimacy

Also none of the first 3 Caliphs were selected by majority. first was elected in a meeting of few number of top bosses of tribes of Arabs. and second was elected by will of first and 3th was elected by a 6 person meeting. this is never majority!

According to shia Islam any human telling Shahadatain is Muslim and so sunni Muslims and even Wahhabi Muslims are Muslim and shia never call them Kafir.

Shia Islam is the A branch of Muslims that believe in Imamat as one of five pillars of Islam. Imamat means that based on Quran only God has the right to select the leader and no human even prophet SAWW has such a right. Imam (political leader) has divine knowledge of prophet SAWW from God and is the only human that can lead all humans to all be in welfare and can meet God. according to shia prophet declared 12 Imams for leadership of humans after his death but for some political reasons they never could lead humans and all of them were killed or poisoned for political reasons. according to shia 12th Imam is currently alive and by will of God has a long life and guides and protects real believers all over the world but he is in occultation untill people of world really want him as their leader and do not kill him like his 11 fathers who were Imams of their own times after prophet. according to shia granted from God, Imam has the power of controlling all the universe (miracle) and can perform any miracle and has knowledge of everything ( but still there are things that only God knows). but he use this power only when is needed to protect real believers and surviev of real Islam for truth seekers.

Human has freedom and beleiving in Shia Islam or Sunni Islam is a personal choice and according to Quran no compulsion should be in religion. every human is free claim one is better but it needs reasoning and evidence based on Quran and Hadith and authentic history. when prophet Muhammad SAWW died and Ali a.s was at funeral of prophet SAWW quickly a leader was elected while prophet SAWW was not still buried. and it was start of division between supporters of Ali a.s. and supporter of elected ruler.

They just got divided on the way the successor of the prophet (after his death) should be. some of top Arab tribe bosses at Saqifeh elected Abou Bakr to be the first Caliph after prophet Muhammad (PBUH) death and other Muslims were forced and even killed (for example سعد ابن عباده Saad Ib Ebadeh) to accept this ruler. Some like Ali a.s., Salman, Abuzar, Miqdad, Bilal,... disagreed this election. they believed that the successor should be Ali a.s. because God selected him as leader and not because he is relative of prophet SAWW. However, after the election of AbouBakr, they did not fight for power and Ali a.s helped the elected Caliph for survive of real Islam and to big enemies like Roman and Persian empires can not destroy Islam using civil war of Muslims. and always declared his disagreement with this election bu did not made civil war for power. The same scenario was repeated after election of Umar as the second Caliph by will of Abubakr and Othman as the third Caliph by election in a 6 persons meeting. when Muslims killed Uthman for his corruptions Ali a.s. was then elected as the fourth Caliph by majority of Muslims while he was not interested in power.

However, Sunnis and Shiites are two Islamic schools that differ in major (pillars of Islam) and minor issues. The world Imperialists know Islam is truth and if people know this they will lost power. so they try to make wars between Muslim groups to gain control on Muslim countries and on their resources. for example they bomb a shia mosque and tell in media that sunni did it and so on. The two main groups are Sunnis and Shiites. Both groups agree upon basic Islam pillars(unless Imamat (Islamic rules for political leadership)) and believe in same and only version of Quran and follow the sunnah of same prophet (PBUH), pray to same direction (facing Kaba in Makkah or Mecca in Saudi Arabia, go to same places on pilgrimage (or Hajj), and adhere to same Islam morals and ritual worships. Thier main differ is in Imamat.shia beleives based on Quran and Islam the only one who has the right to elect the leader is God and Muslims do not have such a right in Islam.

Why did Prophet Mohammed tell his companions to leave Mecca?

He left Mecca (or Makkah) to Medina (or Al-Madinah) per God comman to him as God informed him that The Pagans in Mecca are plotting to assassinate him.

People of Mecca who were the Prophet's kinship , forced him to leave as they did not accept his beliefs and tortured his followers . Leaving to Medina was done under a Divine direction.

God informed prophet Mohamed (peace upon him) that the tribe leaders who, didn't accept Islam, plotted to assassinate him. Accordingly, he was commanded by God (Allah) to immigrate to Medina.

Just like the first person said, Muhammad was exiled from Mecca for preaching the revelations that he was told by the angel Gabriel. After his exile, he left for Medina, and gathered a group of followers. Muhammad then returned to Mecca* and captured it in 630 AD (year 6 Hijra year) marking the beginning of the Islamic empire.

*The journey to Mecca from Medina was called the Hijra.
Allah commanded him to migrate .One of the reasons was because the Muslims were being persecuted and ill treated in Mecca.
The first reason was that Muhammad had been warned by Allah about the plot to assassinate him and further commanded to migrate. As per Allah's orders did Muhammad choose to migrate. Another critical factor was the ever-growing resistance of the Makkans and all the persecutions that came with it. Madinah would become a more stable and Islam-friendly base for Islam to expand and gain root and after a few years, it did exactly this.

Picture of the Muslim holy book?

The main holy book is the Quran that reflects God word revelation to prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) through the angel Gabriel (or Jibril). Refer to related Quran questions below.

Other books are not holy but important to Muslims to know the rules of their religion; mainly are the books of prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) sayings and practices (called prophet Sunnah) as Sahih Al Bukhari and other relevant books.

According to Shia Islam the main book after Quran is Bahj ul Balaghah (called the brother of Quran) that is collection of sayings of Imam Ali a.s. (below link) and the Sahifeh Sajadiyeh, The Psalms of Islam (called the sister of Quran) (below link) are main books.

shia and sunni have main Hadith books. shia Muslims do not consider any hadith book completely authentic. but sunni Muslims consider the book of Bukhari (an Iranian sunni writer) completely authentic.