Research Methodology

An explanatory research method helps in understanding the reasons behind certain phenomena, providing deeper insights into the relationships between variables. This can lead to more accurate predictions by uncovering causal mechanisms. In contrast, a predictive research method may not explain why certain outcomes occur, limiting the ability to make informed decisions or improve processes.

The qualitative aspect of institutional planning involves considering elements such as organizational culture, values, leadership styles, and stakeholder engagement. It focuses on understanding the unique characteristics of the institution and how these factors can impact the planning process and outcomes. Qualitative data and insights are used to inform decision-making and shape the strategic direction of the institution.

Dual-use research refers to scientific research that can be used for both beneficial purposes, such as advancements in medicine or technology, and potentially harmful purposes, such as the creation of biological weapons. Scientists conducting dual-use research must carefully consider the ethical implications and potential risks associated with their work.

Paraphrasing involves rewording information from research sources while keeping the original meaning intact. This method allows you to present the information in your own words while giving credit to the original source.

Some theories that focus on qualitative change rather than quantitative change include Piaget's theory of cognitive development, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and Erikson's psychosocial development theory. These theories emphasize how individuals go through specific stages or phases where they exhibit distinct qualitative changes in their thinking, behavior, and understanding of the world.

Constructivism theory portrays people as active in their own learning and emphasizes qualitative and quantitative changes. This theory suggests that learners construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. Constructivism challenges traditional views of learning by emphasizing the importance of the individual's active role in the learning process.

A qualitative contribution refers to a non-quantifiable or non-numeric impact or input made towards a particular situation, project, or field. It involves subjective evaluations, observations, and insights that may not be easily measured in numbers but provide valuable context and understanding.

The developmental research method involves studying changes in behavior and abilities over time, typically focusing on how individuals progress from infancy to old age. Researchers use various techniques such as longitudinal studies, cross-sectional studies, and experimental designs to examine the factors influencing development. This method helps to understand patterns of growth, stability, and change in different domains of development.

Jean Piaget used the method of observation and clinical interviews with children to develop his theory of cognitive development. He believed in studying how children interacted with their environment and how they made sense of the world around them through their actions and thoughts. This method allowed him to identify common patterns of cognitive development across different age groups.

Because it follows from the data. The liveliest, most vivid, and most poignant statements are based on humanistic understanding (i.e. subjectivity) and, while usually tacitly based upon empirical forms, freely wander outside the mechanisms of "scientific research" and into the bosom of experience.

An informal research method is a flexible and unstructured approach to gathering information and data. It typically involves methods like observations, interviews, surveys, or informal conversations. This approach allows for more creativity and adaptability in data collection compared to formal research methods.

Bob Hughes is known for his extensive fieldwork and observations of children at play in various cultural settings. His research methods involved participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation of children's play behaviors. Hughes emphasized the importance of immersing oneself in the play environment to gain a deep understanding of children's play experiences.

Infosys utilizes a combination of Agile and DevOps methodologies for software development projects. This involves iterative development, close collaboration between cross-functional teams, continuous integration and delivery, automated testing, and frequent feedback loops to ensure high quality and efficient delivery of software products.

Perhaps you meant Information Resource management, or Information Management... but either way.


Information research management would indicate to me a job consisting of collecting data (data farming) and collating it into information that could be easily interpreted, for example looking at trends.

Research can be defined as the search for knowledge or any systematic investigation to establish facts. The primary purpose for applied research (as opposed to basic research) is discovering, interpreting, and the development of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge on a wide variety of scientific matters of our world and the universe. Research can use the scientific method, but need not do so.

Some good sources to look up information include reputable websites like government websites, educational institutions, research databases, and well-known news organizations. It's also helpful to consult books, scholarly articles, and expert opinions in the relevant field. Additionally, fact-checking websites can be useful for verifying information.

It is advisable to adopt field research when you need to collect firsthand data in a natural setting, observe behaviors or phenomena directly, and gain a deeper understanding of a particular context. Field research is particularly useful for studying complex social interactions, cultural practices, and environmental dynamics.

One research method that a researcher may use to collect information is surveys. Surveys involve gathering data from a sample of individuals through questionnaires, interviews, or online forms to understand their attitudes, opinions, behaviors, or characteristics on a specific topic of interest.

A research method refers to the approach or technique used to conduct a study, encompassing procedures for data collection, analysis, and interpretation. On the other hand, a search model pertains to a theoretical framework that outlines the process by which information is retrieved and selected in a search process. While research methods deal with the overall research design, search models specifically focus on information retrieval processes.

Yes, thematic analysis is a research method used to identify and interpret patterns (themes) in qualitative data. Researchers use this method to analyze and report patterns found across the data set, helping to understand the underlying meanings and interpretations of the participants' experiences or perspectives.

Evaluation methodology refers to the systematic process of assessing, monitoring, and measuring the effectiveness, efficiency, and impact of programs, projects, or policies. It involves defining evaluation questions, selecting appropriate data collection methods, analyzing data, and making recommendations based on the findings. Evaluation methodology helps to inform decision-making and improve the outcomes of initiatives.

Advantages of Open-Ended Questions

• Open-ended questions allow respondents to include more information, including feelings, attitudes and understanding of the subject. This allows researchers to better access the respondents' true feelings on an issue. .

• Open-ended questions cut down on two types of response error; respondents are not likely to forget the answers they have to choose from if they are given the chance to respond freely, and open-ended questions simply do not allow respondents to disregard reading the questions and just "fill in" the survey with all the same answers (such as filling in the "no" box on every question).

• Because they allow for obtaining extra information from the respondent, such as demographic information (current employment, age, gender, etc.), surveys that use open-ended questions can be used more readily for secondary analysis by other researchers than can surveys that do not provide contextual information about the survey population.

Disadvantages of Open-Ended Questions

• If open-ended questions are analyzed quantitatively, the qualitative information is reduced to coding and answers tend to lose some of their initial meaning.

• Because open-ended questions allow respondents to use their own words, it is difficult to compare the meanings of the responses.

• The response rate is lower with surveys that use open-ended question than with those that use closed-ended questions.

Advantages of Closed-Ended Questions

• Closed-ended questions are more easily analyzed. Every answer can be given a number or value so that a statistical interpretation can be assessed. Closed-ended questions are also better suited for computer analysis.

• Closed-ended questions can be more specific, thus more likely to communicate similar meanings.

• In large-scale surveys, closed-ended questions take less time from the interviewer, the participant and the researcher, and so is a less expensive survey method.

Diadvantages of Closed-Ended Questions

• Closed-ended questions, because of the simplicity and limit of the answers, may not offer the respondents choices that actually reflect their real feelings.

• Closed-ended questions also do not allow the respondent to explain that they do not understand the question or do not have an opinion on the issue.

Edward Titchener's research method is known as structuralism. This approach aimed to analyze the structure of the mind through introspection, focusing on the basic elements of consciousness such as sensations, feelings, and images.

Data collection in research methodology involves gathering relevant information, facts, and figures to answer research questions or test hypotheses. This can be done through various methods such as surveys, interviews, experiments, or observations. The quality and reliability of the research findings depend on the accuracy and thoroughness of the data collected.

Formal or informal: Formal research is controlled, objective, and systematic gathering of data. The researcher carefully defines the things under study and what will and won't be studied. It is systematic in that we carefully follow prescribed rules in gathering and assessing data. It is controlled in that we carefully define, gather, and evaluate the data according to prescribed rules that can be reviewed for error. The formal method provides a description based upon agreed upon units that can be measured and assessed for reliability, whereas the informal method describes the data based on the intuition of the researcher. (page 6 of Don Sacks's book, "Primer of Public Relations Research.")

Formal research methods

Informal research methods

Data Collection

Controlled

Uncontrolled Save

Objective

Subjective

Systematic observation

Random observation

Data Assessment

Can be measured reliably

Can't be measured reliably

Validity can be measured

Validity is assumed

Is deductively interpreted Deductive (reasoning is a logical process in which a conclusion drawn from a set of premises contains no more information than the premises taken collectively.)

Is inductively interpreted (an educated guess) a kind of reasoning that allows for the possibility that the conclusion is false even where all of the premises are true.

Outcomes

Description

Description

Understanding

Understanding

Prediction

Control