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Roman Numerals
Questions and answers related to the symbols used by the ancient Romans to represent numbers. These include the numerals: I, V, X, L, C, D and M.
14,167 Questions
What are a score and five more interesting facts about the ancient Roman numeral system?
1 Its symbol for nought is N which is not needed
2 Its numerals have positional place values that are self evident
3 It once needed only 5 symbols which were I V X L and C
4 It used single or multiple brackets to increase the values of numerals
5 It once was I) for 500 and (I) for 1000 later changed to D and M
6 Its values are: M=1000 D=500 C=100 L=50 X=10 V=5 and I=1
7 It needs less numerals than todays Hindu-Arabic numeral system
8 It used superscripted numerals to increase the value of numerals
9 Its equivalent of 1,000,000,000,000 is (M)(M) or 1.0*1012 in scientific notation
10 It doesn't use decimals
11 It used fractions only to a limited extent
12 It's still used extensively today
13 It;s used by VIPs to nominate their names
14 It never used IV for 4 for fear of offending the Roman god Jupiter
15 It's quite capable of performing the 4 operations of arithmetic
16 Its numberals can sometimes be abridged yet retaining their original values
17 It was conceived by the Etruscans who once ruled the Romans
18 Its original rules governing it were changed in the Middle Ages
19 It's now MMXIV for 2014 but it once was MMXIIII or as IMMXV
20 It's the perfect prerequisite to learning algebra
21 It was superseded by the Hindu-Arabic numeral system in the Middle Ages
22 It once was calculated on a beaded abacus counting device
23 Its fractional equivalent of a 1/2 is S
24 Its equivalent of VIIIS is SIX which means 8.5 = 10-1.5
25 It was Julius Caesar who used Roman numerals in his calculations to extend the Roman year of 10 months to 12 months known as the Julian calendar which was modified in the year of MDLXXXII (1582) by Pope Gregory XIII (13) known today as the Gregorian calendar
What is the numeric value of 245.18?
It is exactly what is implied in the question 245.18 but expressed as an improper fraction it is 12259/50
Notwithstanding the fact that in todays modern notation of Roman numerals 999 is now considered to be CMXCIX inasmuch that the ancient Romans would have probably subtracted the given numbers in either of the following formats:-
As: MDCCLXXVI-IM = DCCLXXVII => 1776-(1000-1) = 777.
Or as: MDCCLXXVI-DCCCCLXXXXVIIII = DCCLXXVII => 1776-999 = 777.
For more complicated calculations the Romans would have used an abacus calculating device.
QED
How many numbers were there originally in Arabic numerals?
10
there arrangement was used to develop Arabic numbers like adding two numbers of the 10 together to get a big number (ex.: 12) and arranging three numbers of the 10 together to get a bigger number (ex.: 256) and so on just like English numbers
In what products do gas tubes find application?
Product types included diodes, rectifiers, control-type industrial triodes, hydrogen and nonhydrogenthyratons, and other gas and vapor tubes.
What risks are associated with D and X?
associated emotional reactions.heavy bleeding.blood clots.damage to the cervix or uterus.pelvic infection.incomplete abortion.Possible long-term risks include difficulty becoming pregnant or carrying a future pregnancy to term.
There is no doubt that the ancient Romans would have calculated the equivalent of 1999 on an abacus counting device as MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII and as evidence suggest abridged it to IMM (2000-1) in written form.
Yet in accordance with the rules governing todays Roman numeral system drawn up in the Middle Ages, presumably to make Roman numerals more compatible with Hindu-Arabic numerals that were being introduced into Western Europe at the time, nowadays we would convert 1999 into Roman numerals as MCMXCIX which is unfinished business as far as addition goes because those numerals actually represent M+CM+XC+IX and when added together they too abridge to IMM as in the following manner:-
M+CM = CMM => 1000+(1000-100) = (2000-100) = 1900
CMM+XC = XMM => (2000-100)+(100+10) = (2000-10) = 1990
XMM+IX = IMM => (2000-10)+(10-1) = (2000-1) = 1999
If we were to add M+CM+XC+IX as CM+IX+M+XC they too would still total to IMM.
So it follows that 1999 in Roman numerals is MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII which can be abridged to IMM in the same way that LXXXVIIIIS (89.5) can be abridged to SXC (100-10.5) in which author David Eugene Smith noted in his book 'History of Mathematics' volume 2 first published in 1925 and ISBN 0486 204 308
Note: M=1000, D=500, C=100, L=50, X=10, V=5, I=1 and S=1/2 or 0.5
QED by David Gambell
The rules as we know them today now governing the Roman numeral system had absolutely nothing to do with the ancient Romans whatsoever because they were introduced during the Middle Ages and so the given numbers when converted into Roman numerals are now considered to be MCMXCIX, CXCIX and XIX respectively but the Romans themselves would have most probably calculated them in either of the following formats:-
IMM+ICC+IXX = MMCCXVII => (2000-1)+(200-1)+(20-1) = 2217
MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII+CLXXXXVIIII+XVIIII = MMCCXVII => 1999+199+19 = 2217
The above calculations were quite simple and straightforward to work out but for more complicated calculations the Romans would have used an abacus calculating device.
QED
What does 7u equals -6v-44 plus 3u equals 14v plus 64 equal?
7u = -6v - 44 + 3u = 14v + 64
The first two give: 4u = -6v - 44
and the first and third give: 7u = 14v + 64
Then 7*the first of these minus 4 times the second give:
28u - 28u = -42v -308 - 56v - 256 = -98v -564
So 98v = -564 and so v = -282/49 =
And then 7u = 14*(-282/49) + 64 = -116/7
so that u = -116/49
Solution:
u = -116/49 = -2.3673 to 4 dp
v = -282/49 = -5.7551 to 4 dp
Another Answer:-
If the question was meant to be: 7u = -6v-44 and 3u = 14v+64
Then by a process of multplication and elimination the solution to this simultaneous equation would work out as: u = -2 and v = -5
The way in which we write out Roman numerals today differs in many respects as to the way that the Romans actually did themselves to the extent that today we would convert 19, 49, 99 and 1999 into Roman numerals as XIX, XLIX, XCIX and MCMXCIX respectively thus making addition of them almost impossible.
But notwithstanding the aforementioned inasmuch that there is evidence to suggest that the Romans in the past would have calculated the above numbers as in either of the following formats:-
IXX+IL = LXVIII (20-1)+(50-1) = (68)
LXVIII+IC = CLXVII (68)+(100-1) = (167)
CLXVII+IMM = MMCLXVI (167)+(2000-1) = (2166)
Alternatively:-
XVIII+XXXXVIIII = LXVIII (19)+(49) = (68)
LXVIII+LXXXXVIIII = CLXVII (68)+(99) = (167)
CLXVII+MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII = MMCLXVI (167)+(1999) = (2166)
Note that: 5*I=V, 2*V=X, 5*X=L, 2*L=C, 5*C=D and 2*D=M
Roman numerals: M=1000, D=500, C=100, L=50, X=10, V=5 and I=1
QED
What are at least a score or more advantages of the Roman numeral system?
1 It was once authentic and easier to use in ancient Roman times than today
2 A zero symbol is not needed
3 Fewer basic numerals are required
4 The place value of numerals are self evident
5 The numerals M, C, X and I are only needed 4 times in a number
6 The numerals D, L and V are only needed once in a number
7 It can be in additional format
8 It can be in subtractional format
9 Some numerals can be abridged yet retaining their original values
10 Addition is literally straightforward
11 Subtraction is literally straightforward
12 Multiplication and division follow a logical pattern
13 Its stood the test of time because it's still used today
14 It uses letters instead of numbers
15 Taught properly it's an excellent prerequisite to learning algebra
16 No decimals are used
17 Fractions are used to a limited extent
18 Fraud can be prevented in its written format
19 It connects historically the past with the present
20 It elevates VIP's rank of importance after their names
21 Calculations can be made on an abacus counting device
22 Secret messages can be sent using its symbols
23 Movie makers and TV broadcasters use it to disguise a year of production
24 It can be used either in lower case or upper case letters
25 Last but not least it's time for I to roam along and say goodbye
Officially in accordance with todays guidelines governing the Roman numeral system 1999 when converted into Roman numerals is MCMXCIX which makes addition with other numerals an almost impossible task.
But during the classical Roman period the equivalent of 1999 would have been calculated on an abacus counting device as MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII which then can be abridged to IMM (2000-1) in written form thus facilatating the speed and ease of addition as follows:-
MDCCLXXVI+IMM = MMMDCCLXXV (1776)+(2000-1) = (3775)
Alternatively:-
MDCCLXXVI+MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII = MMMDCCLXXV (1776)+(1999) = (3775)
Note that: 5*I=V, 2*V=X, 5*X=L, 2*L=C, 5*C=D and 2*D=M
Roman numerals: M=1000, D=500, C=100, L=50, X=10, V=5 and I=1
QED
How do you write 1218.62 in numeric value?
Presumably you mean what is 12.18.62 in Roman numerals?
If so then it is: XII-XVIII-LXII
Give the details of roman numbers from 1 to 100?
In todays modern notation of Roman numerals they are as follows:-
Units 1 to 9: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX
Tens 10 to 90: X, XX, XXX, XL, L, LX, LXX, LXXX and XC
Hundred: C
To select a number simply write it out in descending order as for example 99 = XCIX
The way we write out Roman numerals today differs in many respects to how the ancient Romans actuallydid themselves as for example 99 = IC which in Latin is undecentum meaning one from a hundred.
QED by David Gambell
