President: Rutherford Birchard Hayes (1822 - 1893)

Term: March 4, 1877 - March 4, 1881

Background: Hayes was born in Delaware, Ohio to Rutherford Hayes who was a storekeeper from a Scottish descent, and Sophia Birchard. His father died ten weeks before his birth. He attended school at Harvard Law and was then admitted to the bar on May 10, 1845. Once Hayes moved to Cincinnati, he became a member of the Cincinnati Literary Club. Once the Civil War started, this club made a military company. Hayes began his life as a Whig, but later in 1853 he joined the Free Soil party. Hayes served in the Union Army from 1861 to 1865, with a rank of Brevet Major General. From March 4, 1865 to July 20, 1867, he became a Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 2nd district. Within the following year, Hayes became the 29th Governor of Ohio from January 13, 1868 to January 8, 1872 and was later reelected as the 32nd Governor from January 10, 1876 to March 2, 1877.

Political Party: Republican

Vice-President: William A. Wheeler

Major Domestic Policy: During this time, the United States was just about finished with reconstruction from the Civil War. With the new election, a dispute was formed from Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina all accounted for two sets of electoral votes. The Democrat representative Samuel J. Tilden was one vote short from receiving 184. The Constitution had no answer to the problem; therefore an Electoral Commission was formed to solve the dispute. The Commission came to an agreement by creating the Compromise of 1877 that Hayes would become President, and a Southern cabinet member would be appointed and also federal troops would be taken out from the South, which would end Reconstruction. This method did not work once blacks were once again discriminated against and were ignored as Southern leaders against the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments. Also during this time, silver was being found in the West. Miners saw that with the Bill of 1873, silver could no longer be coined. With the "Crime of '73," that occurred during Grant's Presidency, Congress passed the Bland-Allison Act, which made it an essential for the government to purchase silver worth two to four billion dollars a month and make it at a ratio sixteen to one. In the year of 1877, the Great Railroad Strike occurred when the employees of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad joined with thousands of workers and walked out from theirs jobs. Hayes solved this by calling his federal troops who fired on the workers, killing 70 people. Troops then eventually managed to restore the peace.

Major Foreign Policy: Hayes major focus was to stay out of any foreign affairs. He directly stated in his Inaugural Address "our traditional rule of noninterference in the affairs of foreign nations." He stuck to this idea of noninterference throughout his presidential term.

Court Case:

• Munn v. Illinois (1875)-Held that the Fourteenth Amendment did not stop Illinois from modifiable charges indented for business' grain elevators.

• Stone v. Mississippi (1879)-Ruled that the Mississippi lotteries forbidden acts were valid and that the State legislature does not have the power to bind the choices of the citizens and potential legislatures.

• Strauder v. West Virginia (1879)-Ruled that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment was violated by the Virginia law that only whites could serve as juries.

• Baker v. Selden (1879)-The "useful art" rights are only allowed by patent, and even the description is protected by copyright.

Intellectual and Social Developments:

• Colorado joined the Union as the 38th state in 1876.

• In 1878, the telephone was put to use in New Haven, Connecticut with 21 people gaining its service. Hayes was the first President to have a telephone at the White House.

• In 1878, the Women's Suffrage Amendment was proposed to Congress.

• Thomas Edison invented the light bulb in 1879.

• Many great novels such as Black Beauty, Ben-Hur and Uncle Remus were written.

Hayes's Legacy: Haye's announced during his inaugural address that he believed in one-term presidencies. Haye's was one of the three Presidents who kept a written diary during his Presidency. He looked upon alcoholism as a growing problem, which made Haye's ban alcoholic drinks from White House functions. Haye's will be known as the President who came into office with "the country divided and distracted and every interest depressed," and leaving with it "left it united, harmonious, and prosperous." He was able to strengthen the Republican Party and enhanced the power of the executive branch. He was a successful Politician and looked towards public opinion. He was the President who brought what our country needed for the reconstruction, and pretty much put an end to it. He was against alcohol, and banned alcoholic beverages from all White House functions. He was a reformer who sought to educate the public. Haye's did make a major mistake when not running for reelection. With the Republicans united, he most likely would of won.

Hayes ,the 19th President, was elected in 1876 and served from March 4, 1877 to until March 4,1881. He served for only one term and did not try for re-election.
From March 4th 1877 to March 4th 1881 Rutherford B Hayes was the president of United States.He was from the "Republican Party".

He was the "Governor Of Ohio" from 1868-1872 & 1876-1877.
Rutherford B. Hayes served as the 19th President of the United States between March 4, 1877 and March 4, 1881. He was elected in 1876.

James Abram Garfield was the US President after Rutherford B. Hayes.

James A. Garfield was the 20th President of the United States in 1881 from March 4 to September 19, when he died from assassination.