Submarines

Allied cargo ships were the Germans primary targets.

Submarines must be able to float to load and offload crew and cargo and to have repairs and maintenance. They are designed to submerge either for underwater exploration or to pass undetected by ships at the surface and planes and satellites above.

It depends on the weapon (torpedo, missile, mine, or vertical launched missile) but the 2 primary methods are water impulse ejection (torpedoes, torpedo tube launched missiles, mines) and air ejection (vertical launched missiles). Torpedoes also have the ability to swim out (engine startup in the tube) from the torpedo tube if the impulse ejection system is down.

The water impulse system is pretty simple; the tube at the breach end is connected via another vertical tube to a water reservoir that has a piston ram. When high pressure air is dumped from a flask directly into the air side of the piston, it instantly moves the piston ram, forcing the water on the other side of it out of the open tube, ejecting the weapon along with it.

For vertical launched weapons, it's simply a high pressure air bubble that ejects the missile; the rocket motor doesn't actually fire until the weapon clears the ocean surface.

WWII US Gato class subs were 311 feet long and 27 feet wide.

A group of German submarines is called a Wolfpak.

Submarine ballast tanks and their number depend entirely on the type of boat and its submerged displacement capacity. In general though, they're pretty big, on average about 6000 square feet or more.

Pretty much standard Navy working uniforms. Dress uniforms are only worn on special occasions when off the ship. Overalls are common as well, particularly for engineers.

a atmic sub is a nucler powerd sbmarine

Yes, the water pressure on a submarine increases as it goes deeper.

They were called (davids) after the Biblical character. The true David was a steam-powered semi sub using a very tall stack or siphon , could not totally submerge, the manually cranked Davids such as the Hunley and Pioneer could fully submerge. ( Pig Boats_ as a nickname for submarines did not come into use until World War I and the Italians restricted the term to very manueverable mini-subs also called Maiale or ( Pig Boats)

If a women is assigned to a mission on the submarine then yes, but no they can't join the submarine service because of close quarters.

Yes, and were attacked by them. The Battle of the Atlantic began before a formal Declaration of War.

Submarines help scientists by going to the lowest possible depths of the ocean. Humans aren't built for that, as we cannot stand the intense pressure due to the depth. Submarines can go as low as they need AND sustain human inside them. They are wonderful and very helpful. Submarines are helpful to Scientist so they can explore the great depths of the oceans, seas etc. It helps them find out how the sea creatures live under water and what types of sea creatures live underwater. It also helps them to where they can learn about new species of sea creatures. So that is why submarines are so helpful to scientist

Most modern submarines have one screw (which is the proper term for a propeller). Some of the really big ones have a pair of them, like the Russian submarine Kursk, for example. But the bulk of the designs incorporate a single screw.

Yes - though most had manual reload capability, the German Type XXI U-Boat, which never saw active service, was the first true submarine with hydraulic reload capability. It was also the first true submersible, featuring a streamlined hull, no deck guns, and designed for running submerged as normal operation rather than just for attack purposes. Many of her features were the forerunners for today's modern submarine systems and design. Her sail is reminiscent of Russian submarine sail design.

The similarity lies in their use - the control of buoyancy.

The VLF (very low frequency) band, which is 3kHz to 30kHz, is able to penetrate water a couple of tens of meters. That makes this band best suited to communicate with a submerged submarine.

All submarines have rudders just like surface ships for steering. The rudder is controlled from the helm in the Control Room, and is moved by high pressure hydraulics.

In emergencies, it can be moved by pumping the hydraulics by hand if the main hydraulic pumps are down, but it's not easy.

they have ballast tanks that they fill full of water to make them less buoyant

The Nautilus was Fulton's submarine.

By reducing their bouyancy, through letting seawater into the ballast tanks then sinking to the desired level . When they want to stabilize or rise they use compressed air to blow this ballast water out.

Bringing alcohol and drugs onto submarines, or any ship, is a violation. It can result in disciplinary action. Use of these clouds judgement and puts the entire crew at risk.

A USN WWII Gato class sub had a complement of roughly 60 officers & men.

Modern submarines typically hold a complement of between 90 - 130 officers/crew, but that number can increase during extended deployments when the entire crew is usually aboard, which often isn't always the case due to individual crew training, leave, etc. Essentially, unless you're dead or dying, you're going to sea for extended deployments.

It is not unusual to have 150 crew/civilians aboard for certain operations, and it can get a bit cramped, especially with all of the extra food/supplies aboard.