The Solar System

Earth has a much greater mass than Pluto does, and therefore has stronger gravity.

The study you seek is astronomy.

From the Sun, the planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
Pluto has been demoted and is not considered to be a planet. Of the eight planets, Mars and Jupiter are the middle planets. Or Jupiter alone is you count Pluto.

If you mean revolution on it axis (spin/day length) rather than orbital period, then the answer is the planet Mercury, where time between sunrises is roughly 176 Earth days.

Jupiter made of: -89.8 Hydrogen (H2O)

-10.2 Helium (He)

-0.3 Methane (CH4)

-0.026 Ammonia (NH3)

-0.003 Hydrogen deuteride (HD)

-0.00006 Ethane (C2H6)

-0.00004 Water (H2O)

The distance varies as the Moon goes round the Earth while the Earth goes round the Sun AND Venus goes round the Sun.

Thus sometimes Venus and Earth are on the same side of the Sun and at other times they are on opposite sides of the Sun. Obviously then the distance changes between the two extreme configurations.

The best I can do is to tell you that Venus orbits the Sun at a distance of 108,208,000 km, the Earth orbits the Sun at a distance of 152,100,000 km, while the Moon orbits the Earth at a distance of 405,400 km.

If by small bodies you mean planets, then Jupiter is the answer you want.

If you mean dwarf planets, then you are looking for Ceres in the asteroid belt between Jupiter and Mars.

It is now widely accepted that Pluto should not be classified as a planet, because more bodies more massive than it were discovered beyond its orbit. Also, it seems that it has characteristics similar to other objects in the Kuiper belt.

Now, accordingly to the Wikipedia page "list of largest exoplanets", exoplanets are very difficult to find, the examination methods vary greatly & journals are one inconsistent with the other, meaning that even professionals can't be quite sure. The page itself in fact reads that it's very prone to changes. Not to mention that some of the observedb objects are more likely brown dwarves (the kind of stars), or they may not exist AT ALL.

That being written... as of the 24th September 2021, the page reports that "ROXs 42Bb" is the largest extra-solar body that's probably a planet, accordingly to calculations approximatively 2,5 times the size of our Jupiter.

ht tps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_exoplanets

Well, from OUR point of view, the Earth has water, and air, and food, and other nice-to-have things that aren't plentiful on other planets.

Of course, if you were interested in radio astronomy, an observatory on the back side of the Moon would be ideal, because you would have the bulk of the Moon between you and the radio-noisy Earth, and all those pesky satellites.

The sun's mass is so much bigger than anything in our solar system that it actually pulls all of the other masses in the Milky Way to it, the planets with the bigger masses are out farther, and the smaller ones are closer, except for pluto. (because pluto's orbit is messed up due to previous momentum)

The solar system does not draw conclusions, nor does it imply any. It is an object, conclusive only of itself.

We, and everything living on earth, would die, and probably rather quickly. We would become free-floating in space, and even if we could anchor ourselves to bedrock, our atmosphere, water, sand/soil and every other unattached thing would float off into space.

That is defined by the outer limit of the orbit of the Oort Cloud which is believed to be roughly spherical. The inner limits of the Oort Cloud begin at about 2,000 AU from the Sun. The cloud itself stretches out almost a quarter of the way to the nearest star, Proxima Centauri which is 4.3 light-years from the Sun. (Radius therefore = 1.075 Light years).

Thus you have a choice of calculating the surface area of the Oort Cloud's sphere. A = 4 π r 2

Or the area of the plane of the solar system where it intersects that sphere. A= ¼ • π • d²

There are no inherent limitations to the number of suns a solar system can have. The Koreans have discovered a planetary system with two suns. See link below.

All of the solar planets are believed to have some amount of water somewhere, though not necessarily in liquid form. The only planet with significant quantities of surface water is Earth (Venus is too hot; Mars and Mercury don't have enough atmosphere (though Mars may have had surface water at one time); the gas giants don't really have solid surfaces).

The earth is the only planet in the solar system that has the ability to hold the different forms of life.This planet also has unique properties like:

Air is present in this planet.

Plants and trees grow here etc.

The Solar System contains the Earth-Moon system. The Milky Way galaxy contains the Solar System. The Virgo supercluster contains the Milky Way galaxy. The Universe contains the Virgo supercluster.

Copernicus (1473-1543) postulated that the Earth revolves around the sun and that's called the heliocentric model.

Pluto was discovered in 1930 by a lucky accident. It was predicted mathematically that there was a planet beyond Neptune. Not knowing this, Clyde W. Tombaugh at Lowell Observatory in Arizona did a very careful sky survey which turned up Pluto anyway.

That is called an accretion disk or a proto-Solar system.

Six, there are 16 ounces in one pound.

1) Jupiter has no surface on which you could stand.2) But assuming a platform were to be built somewhere in Jupiter's atmosphere, and you were place there; the high gravity would make it very hard for a normal person to even stand up; I highly doubt that you could jump AT ALL.

The nearest supernova, or more correctly supernova remnant is the Vela [See Link]. It occurred around 11 - 12,000 years ago. Not only is it the oldest, but it is also the closest at about 800 light years.