Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics

You cannot reduce entropy because entropy increases (Second Law of Thermodynamics), if you could, we could have perpetual motion. When work is achieved energy is lost to heat. The only way to decrease the entropy of a system is to increase the entropy of another system.

The resultant of two forces P and Q acting along the same line is the algebraic sum of the two forces. If they are acting in the same direction, the resultant is equal to the sum of the forces. If they are acting in opposite directions, the resultant is equal to the difference between the two forces.

Changes in energy in systems

The question has no possible answer.

A mole is a quantity of matter. "Atmosphere" has dimensions of force per unit area. There is no conversion between the two.

It is like asking "how many kilograms in one yellow?"

The specific volume of one pound of steam at 150 psi pressure depends on the temperature and specific enthalpy of the steam. Without this information, it is not possible to determine the specific volume accurately.

The first law is also known as law of conservation of energy. It say that the energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but can only be transferred. Its is given by this equation dQ = dU + dW .

Heat energy is measured in calories, or it can be in BTU. (1 BTU = 252 calories)

1 calorie is the heat required to raise 1 gram of water by 1 deg celsius

1 BTU is the heat required to raise 1 lb of water by 1 deg Fahrenheit.

If you are using another fluid or substance, you need to know its specific heat capacity, that is its heat capacity compared with water, then you can adapt the calculation of total heat accordingly. If dealing with a fluid which boils, or a solid which melts, you also need to include the latent heat of the phase change in the total, this will be expressed as so many calories/gram or BTU/lb for that substance. Heat is absorbed in melting or boiling, and given out in condensing or freezing.

ti introduces the concept of internal energy and it tells that one form of energy can beconverted into another form

The radiative heat transfer from one surface to another is equal to the radiation entering the first surface from the other, minus the radiation leaving the first surface. For black bodies, i.e. perfect efficiency of radiation and absorption of impinging radiation:

Q = σAF(T14 - T24)

where

σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant

A is the area

F is the form factor

T1 is the temperature of the hotter surface (heat source)

T2 is the temperature of the cooler surface (heat sink)

From this equation we see the main factors affecting the heat transfer are the size/shape of the heat source and the temperatures of the two surfaces. Note also that a change in the temperature of the heat source has a greater effect on the heat transfer than equal changes in the heat sink - due to the temperatures being raised to the fourth power.

Reality is that there are no perfect "black bodies". Nothing radiates perfectly nor absorbs perfectly. We call these imperfect surfaces "grey bodies". For a grey body with only two surfaces the heat transfer is equal to:

Q = σ(T14 - T24)/(e1 + f + e2)

where

e1= (1-ε1)/(A1ε1)

e2= (1-ε2)/(A2ε2)

f = 1/(A1F12)

ε = thermal emissivity across the radiative spectrum

A1 = the area of the heat source

F12 = the form factor between the two surfaces.

Note that the temperature of the heat source usually still dominates.

The energy consumption of an oven can vary depending on its size, type, and usage, typically ranging from 1000 to 5000 joules per second (or Watts). These values can be used to calculate the total energy consumption over a period of time.

The answer depends somewhat on what you mean by "withstand" and how high a temperature you consider to be "high" temperature.

Fiberglass will begin to lose tensile strength as it warms up. The fiberglass fibers will eventually reach a softening point where they will deform easily before they actually melt. The strength, softening point, melting point, and char point of fiberglass also depend on the polymer used with the glass and the way it is extruded and coated. Some fiberglass only handles relatively mild temperatures - perhaps up to 150 °F while others may remain suitable for use at temperatures up around 300 °F. The limiting factor is the temperature at which the resin that is used with the fiberglass begins to degrade - most resins begin to degrade when they get above 150 °F although some can go much higher.

That depends entirely on which "Lee" is being referred to and what his or her experiment consisted of.

One possibility is that you are referring to the determination of the thermal conductivity of a poor conductor using a thin disk of the material between two brass disks (Lee's Disc Method). In the original experiment, one of the fundamental assumptions is that the disk is a poor conductor and thus that heat losses through the edges of the disk are negligible - but if the conductor is a good one, this assumption may not be valid and will introduce an indeterminate error into the calculations. It will also cause variable results depending on what external temperature the disk is discharging to (or absorbing from if the surroundings happened to be particularly hot.) For this reason, other methods are recommended for measuring thermal conductivities of good conductors such as Searle's Bar Method.

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. When a substance or object emits light, it is releasing energy in the form of photons, which is a conversion of its internal energy into electromagnetic radiation.

When both temperatures are the same, heat does NOT flow between objects.

Gasoline engines convert about 30 percent of the fuel's energy content into mechanical work, diesel engines about 45 percent. The rest is heat rejected in the radiator cooling or in the exhaust, or to heat the car interior in cold weather.

Fans can make a room cooler by circulating the air, but can also help circulate warm air, especially in the winter months. If it's a ceiling fan, putting the fan blades in reverse will push the warm down.

Two ways to increase the current would be to increase the surface area of the electrodes and make changes to the electrolyte to speed up the movement of the ions (this might involve increasing the concentration of the electolyte or warming it up to speed up diffusion).

Using partial differential equations, you can estimate how long it will take to get within some difference between equilibrium and near-equilibrium. The mathematics predict that it will take infinite time to reach complete equilibrium, but for us humans we can settle for some difference that is so close as to make no difference to us.

Boyle's and Charles' laws where not derived from the Ideal Gas Equation.

The opposite is true. Boyle's and Charles' laws and a few other laws are used

to derive the Ideal Gas Equation.

Boyle's and Charles' laws are based on the authors observations of the behaviour

of gases. They give a fair prediction at relative low pressures and high

temperatures with respect to the gas Critical Pressure and Temperature.

A real gas at a given pressure and temperature range can show a great deviation from the Ideal Gas, and that would also mean deviation from Boyle's and Charles'

laws.

Now, if what you mean is obtaining a relation between Pressure and Volume at

constant Temperature, and another between Temperature and Volume at constant

Pressure for a real gas, it can be done. But they won't look as simple and nice as

Boyle's and Charles' laws.

An adiabatic process in the opposite of a diabatic process. The adiabatic process occurs without the exchange of heat with its environment. A diabatic process exchanges heat with the environment.